High Country History Group

Our New Website

The new ‘legacy’ website of the High Country History Group has been live for about a month. We hope you have had opportunity to take a look at the wide range of articles produced in past journals and series of talks and outings held over the years. Visit this free to access website at www.highcountryhistorygroup.org. We are realising that being online is different to the quarterly release of articles and that some form series, or collections, while others stand alone.

Mind The Gaps!

Having a searchable online database by every word written in an article is amazing. It can also establish which items lurking on laptops have never been published by the Group. It can also establish where the gaps are too for current and future researchers of Essex history in our four rural parishes.

This Journal (and probably a couple more) is intended to fill the gaps. And without a limit of 40 pages of A5 paper we are much freer to produce items that are likely to be of interest to a local as well as global audience.

This Edition

The new website includes a timeline of the parishes drawn from the Victoria County History, Volume 4. We provide links to individual sections of the original work in an item below.

In this edition of the Journal there are a series of articles on Parish Registers, providing context to all of the items previously published that have referenced baptisms, marriages and burials.

Translating Latin and filling a gap in the publication of Elizabeth Ogborne’s 1817 Volume on Essex is also included.

There is also a sequence of articles by H. M. Scott on Stanford Rivers, one about the manors of that parish. And it would be bad manners not to include the Manors of Theydon Mount too.

The Ongar Union Workhouse was once at Little End, Stanford Rivers. We missed reporting on Fearne Cotton’s ancestorial connection.

There are Book Reviews too.

Finally, a new article on the Register of British Slave-Traders, the topic of a BBC series in September 2026. We look for the names of local investors.

Inevitably historians slip into talking about the weather, which was the case when the Parish Registers of Blackmore were transcribed in 1897. R. H. Browne mentioned the devastating midsummer hailstorm that year which became the springboard to further research, a talk and a booklet which is reproduced in full.

With a nod to past historians I must close that the summer of 2026 was the hottest on record, with five heatwaves, a maximum temperature of 38.1°C at Kew Gardens in London. Three days’ temperatures have entered the Top 10 highest ever. The Met Office say that the weather of the twentieth century is over and we are now in a period of climate change.

British History Online
(http://www.british-history.ac.uk)
has published Volume IV of the ‘Victoria County History’ (VCH) of Essex which concentrates on the Hundred of Ongar. It was edited by W R [Ray] Powell (1920–2008). Volume IV was first published in 1956.

The Ongar Hundred comprises 26 parishes, which include those in the High Country History Group area near Chipping Ongar.

For an overview of the volume go to:

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=53

A description of Ongar Hundred:

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15527

Then for the High Country parishes:

Greensted (spelt Greenstead)

• Introduction:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15553
  
• Manor:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15554
  
• Church:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15555
  
• Schools:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15556
  
• Poor Relief:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15557
  
• Charities:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15558
  

Stanford Rivers

• Introduction:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15664
  
• Manors:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15665
  
• Church:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15666
  
• Roman Catholicism:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15667
  
• Protestant nonconformity:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15668
  
• Parish Government and Poor Relief:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15669
  
• Schools:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15670
  
• Charities:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15671
  

Stapleford Tawney

• Introduction:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15680
  
• Manors:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15681
  
• Church:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15682
  
• Parish Government and Poor Relief:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15683
  
• Schools:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15684
  
• Charities:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15685
  

Theydon Mount

• Introduction:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15709
  
• Manors:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15710
  
• Churches:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15711
  
• Parish Government and Poor Relief:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15712
  
• Schools:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15713
  
• Charities:
  
  http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15714
  

Founded on March 20th, 1923, by Miss Theresa Buxton, and under the Presidency of Miss Constance Torrance of Greensted House, this wonderful institution has done much to benefit the social life of the village. Within a few weeks of its foundation, the members helped form a Sunday School. It had the honour of receiving the first County W.I. Agricultural Silver Cup and has since gained an incredibly large number of Certificates for its activities. I have been privileged to take notes from the early Minute Books, but, unfortunately, space will not permit me to quote all the interesting information contained therein. However, I have carefully preserved these notes for future reference and regretfully give only a few extracts hereunder.

In 1925, the membership numbered 36 and included Mrs. H. Millbank, Mrs. W. Millbank, Miss Lucy Millbank, Mrs. Owers, Mrs. Mynott, Mrs. J. Staines, Mrs. Voss, Mrs. G. Pledge, Mrs. Freeman, Mrs. T. Kerr, Mrs. A. Wood, Mrs. Sawkins, Mrs. Mugleston, Mrs. Ginger and Miss Alice Millbank acted as the Treasurer. In that year and in the latter ones, the records show that many pleasant afternoons were spent – Lectures were given on many interesting subjects and useful hobbies. The members entertained by giving plays and concerts, tea and garden parties, whist drives, etc. Most of these activities took place in the (now derelict) wooden hut. An extract from the end of the year report states –

"The Coal Club is still a great help to our members ... The library is well used, 16 new books have been added, bought with the pennies taken for the books."

During 1926 similar activities took place and the attendances varied between 40–50 members. Mrs. Furze was elected as a member as was Miss Lena Millbank. Lantern lectures, Cooking demonstrations and Flower show competitions were held and seaside outings were made by "Charabanc". At the annual meeting it was stated that the membership was 66.

In 1927 similar activities were carried on – It was agreed that all meetings commence with the song "Jerusalem" and end with the National Anthem. On August 17th, a Millinery demonstration was given by Mrs. Torrance who later presented certificates to Mrs. H. Millbank for Knitting, and Miss A. Millbank for Crochet. Mrs. George Pledge attended, dressed as Richard de Lucy, Lord Justice of England in 1162 who lived at Ongar Castle and owned much of Stanford Rivers.

In 1928, the function included a Baby Show at which Dennis Wood (16 months) won 1st prize and another prize winner was Frederick Fish (aged 3½ months). Demonstrations included Eiderdown making, Fruit bottling, etc. At the annual show over one cwt. of potatoes were sold and the 10/- realised was sent to the Stanford Rivers School heating fund. In all the show gave proceeds of £9-11-8d.

Mrs. Maud was elected President and Mrs. H. Millbank, Vice-President.

In 1933, another Baby Show took place and among the prizewinners were Derrick Staines (12 months) and Stanley Holt (1–2 year class). A competition "The best parcel of grocery for 6d." was won by Mrs. West with 19 articles. Activities in 1934 included a lecture on the League of Nations by Canon Cobden Earle (the newly appointed Rector), Mandoline duets rendered by the Misses A. & L. Millbank and an exhibition of Needlework lent by Mrs. Hinman, Senr. The year 1935 included an interesting visit to the Lyons factory at Cadby Hall, the rendering of an amusing sketch "Aunt Pricilla's Cat" by Mrs. G. Pledge and Miss Lena Millbank, the presentation of a wedding present to Mrs. George Martin (née Miss Lena Millbank), the purchase of a Piano for £5. In 1936 Dressmaking classes were started, an exhibition of old treasures included such items as old brass candlesticks and an old etching of Toot Hill Windmill in 1829. The years 1937 and 1938 saw similar varied functions.

The autumn show of 1939 was cancelled due to the outbreak of the War. A Produce Guild was formed to encourage the production and preservation of food; sugar was procured and sold to members at 4½d. lb. Members assisted the Billeting work in the area. The 1940 activities included lectures on First Aid, the encouragement of the purchase of War Savings Certificates, and the enrolment commenced for members of the Women's Emergency Land Corps. Miss Lucy Millbank reported that the Fruit Preserving Centre had made 1,461 lbs. of jam, and 1,071 cans of fruit.

In 1941, the Institute's activities were mainly devoted to furthering food production. Miss L. Millbank announced that 1,100 lbs. of jam had been made at the Food Centre. Members ordered 200 tomato plants at 2d. each. Mrs. Kinsman offered a room in her house for use as a Red Cross point during Air Raids or in case of Invasion. Miss A. Millbank stated that the War Savings Group had collected a total of £700.

The year 1942 saw the start of First Aid classes. Members made up Flannel Shirts, Helmets and Stockings for despatch to women and children in Russia. 1943 saw similar activities, although some lighter entertainments were provided on occasions. The Institute's 21st Birthday party was held on March 20th, 1944 and presentations to mark their 21 years of service were made to the Misses L. and A. Millbank. During the year much effort was given to the knitting of garments for despatch to war-torn Europe and for the Forces.

On May 16th, 1945, a "Victory Tea" took place and 14/- was raised for the W.I. funds. On December 12th, Miss L. Millbank stated that since 1939 – 2 tons, 103 lbs. of jam, 218 lbs. of chutney and 1,350 cans of fruit had been produced.

1946 saw the return of more normal meetings and on August 21st – in spite of bread rationing – tea and buns were served to the members. The contents of a welcome food parcel, received from Australia, was drawn for and the lucky winners received Dripping, Milk, Honey, Jelly and Fruit. Other large food parcels were received from W.I.'s in Canada.

Further food parcels were gratefully received from Canada and Australia in 1947. On March 17th, the Institute celebrated its 25th anniversary and presentations were made to the Misses A. and L. Millbank. The years 1948 onwards saw the resumption of activities such as "Bring and Buy" sales, Talks, Tea parties, etc.

In 1951, the President (Mrs. Millbank) announced that the Bank balance of the Wartime Food Preservation Centre was to be used to provide a Teak Garden seat to be placed on "Sharpe's Green" near the (former) Village Stores and the purchase of a Tree to be planted at the same spot in commemoration of the Institute's 25th birthday and the Festival of Britain.

On August 20th a tribute was paid to the late Miss Alice Millbank, who had recently passed away. She had been Treasurer for 29 years and had given unfailing help. Her cheerfulness and loveable disposition would always be remembered and members would always look back on her loving service with deep gratitude.

In March 1953 the Institute celebrated its 30th Birthday. Mrs. Millbank gave each member a Coronation Spoon to mark the event. Mrs. Millbank retired from the office of President after 21 years' service and Miss Lucy Millbank retired after 30 years as Secretary.

The information above gives merely a very brief outline of the excellent Institute's work during its first 30 years and my notes were taken from records of that period kindly loaned by the former Secretary. During the last 20 years, members have continued their work and done much to raise funds towards the cost of the new Village Hall. Active members during recent years include Mrs. K. Green, Mrs. Chitson, Mrs. Griggs, Mrs. Styman, Mesdames Kerr, Withers, Reimann, Auchinvole, Torrance, Rowe. A sad loss of a valuable member was sustained by the death in 1970 of Miss Lucy Millbank.

1973 – The Institute's 50th – opened with a full programme of meetings arranged for each month. Mrs. Green remains the President; Mrs. Chitson, Vice-President; Mrs. Taylor, Hon. Treasurer; Mrs. Didsbury, Hon. Secretary – assisted by a Committee comprising of Mesdames Abbott, Chitson, Jeffries, Martin, Priest, Reimann, Smiles and Withers.

On May 9th, the W.I. celebrated its Golden Jubilee and my wife and I were proud to have been invited to join in the celebration luncheon. For a few moments I was embarrassed by the fact that I was the only male amongst over 60 women, but the happy and friendly throng soon made me overcome this feeling. The party was held in the new Village Hall and it was graced with the presence of two founder members – Mrs. Jessie Kerr and Mrs. Evelyn Pledge. A welcoming glass of sherry (provided by the kindness of Mrs. Eveline Millbank), was followed by an excellent meal – before which I had the honour of saying Grace. Regrettably, Mrs. Millbank was prevented from attending by her continued illness. I received a special welcome and my wife was kindly given a floral presentation. Representatives from nine nearby institutes attended this delightful function.

On Friday, the 22nd June, 1973, the new hall was officially opened by Mrs. Lena Martin. Mr. M. Murray thanked all the residents of Little End and Toot Hill for their help and encouragement in raising £2,000 and stated that rest of the cost had been met by grants by the Government and the Parish Council – the total cost was approx. £6,500. Mr. Murray mentioned their indebtedness to the Millbank family for their generosity in giving the land. Mr. E. W. Banks on behalf of the residents, presented a teak garden seat to commend the dedication and persistence of the parish room committee and in particular the services of Mrs. Norah Wood and Mr. Peter Hedges.

This year continued to be a very successful one and its activities included a Tapestry class, Yoga lessons, Whist Drives, and a party was given for the disabled from Grange Farm.

A transcript from the Hardback MSS book. C. F. D. Sperling. “Notabilia Quadam” I (1892), (S/LIB/9/1 f85) belonging to the Essex Society for Archaeology and History now deposited at the Essex Record Office.

Cromwell’s Injunction to the Clergy, 8 September 1538

“Every parson, vicar or curate within this diocese for every church shall keep one book or Register wherein he shall write the day and year of every wedding, christening or burial made within your parish for your time, so every man succeeding you likewise, and also there insert every person’s name that shall be wedded, christened or buried.

And for the safe keeping of the same book, the parish shall be bound to provide of their common charge one sure coffer with two locks and keys, whereof the one to remain with you and the other with the wardens of every parish wherein the said book shall be laid up.

Which book ye shall every Sunday take forth and with the presence of the said wardens, or one of them, write and record in the same all the weddings, christenings and burials made the whole week afore, and that done lay up the book in the same coffer as afore.

And every time that the said shall be omitted, the party that shall be in the fault thereof, shall forfeit to the said church iijs iiijd, to be employed on the reparation of the said church.”

This same injunction was re-issued by Edward VI in 1547 except that the penalty was to be paid “to the Poor Box of that parish.”

In 1555 Cardinal Pole directed the Bishops at their Visitation to enquire “if the parish had a register with the names of the baptised, of the sponsors, of the married, and of the dead.”

In 1559, a similar injunction to that of 1538 was enacted except that the penalty was to be divided between the poor box and the repair of the church.

On 25 October 1597 a constitution made by the Archbishops, Bishops and clergy was approved by the Queen under the great seal, ordering all Parish Registers to be copied anew into a parchment book.

A transcript from the Hardback MSS book. C. F. D. Sperling. “Notabilia Quadam” I (1892), (S/LIB/9/1 f86-89) belonging to the Essex Society for Archaeology and History now deposited at the Essex Record Office.

The Act of 1653

In 1653 the Parliament passed an Act on 24 August:

“That whosoever shall agree to be married within the Commonwealth of England after 29 September 1653, shall (21 days at least before such intended marriage) deliver in writing unto the Register (thereinafter appointed) for the respective parish where each party to be married lived, the names surnames additions and places of abode of the parties so to be married, and of their parents, guardians or overseers, all which the said Register shall publish three Lords days there next following, at the close of the morning ex viciae, in the public meeting place commonly called the church, chapel, or (if the parties desired it) in the market place next to the said church or chapel on three market days in the three several weeks next following between the hours of 11 and 2;”

Which done the register shall make a certificate thereof, without which the persons therein after authorised should not proceed with such marriage. That such persons intending to be married should come before some Justice of the Peace of the same county, city or town with such certificate, and if no impediment, the marriage was to proceed thus:

“I AB do here in the presence of God the searcher of all hearts take thee CD for my wedded wife, and do also in the presence of God and before these witnesses promise to be unto thee a loving faithful husband”

and then the woman taking the man by the hand shall plainly and distinctly pronounce these words:

“I CD do here in the presence of God the searcher of all hearts take thee AB for my wedded husband and do also in the presence of God and before these witnesses presence to be unto thee a loving faithful and obedient wife”

[Whereupon the said Justice was to declare them man and wife, and no other marriage was to be valid within the Commonwealth. Nevertheless, the Justice in the case of dumb persons, or persons having no hands might dispense with part of this ceremonial].

And that a true and just account may always be kept as well of publication as of all such marriages and also of the births of all children and deaths of all sorts of persons within this commonwealth.

Registration of Marriages, Births and Burials

Be it further enacted that:

A book of good vellum or parchment shall be provided by every Parish for the registering of all such marriages and of all births of children and burials of all sorts of persons within every parish, for the safe keeping of which book the inhabitants and householders of every parish chargeable to the relief of the poor, or the greater part of them present, shall, on or before the 22nd of September 1653, make choice of some able and honest persons (such as shall be sworn and approved by one Justice for the peace in that parish, division or county and so signified under his hand in the said register book,) to have the keeping of the said book, who shall therein fairly enter in writing all such publications, marriages, birth of children, and burial of all sorts of persons, and the names of every of those, and the days of the month and years of publications, marriages, births, and burials and the parents, guardians, and overseers names.

And the register in such parish shall attend the said Justice of the peace to subscribe the entry of every such marriage.

And the person as elected, appointed shall be called to the Parish Register, and shall continue these years in the said place of Register and longer until some other be chosen, unless such Justice of the peace, or the said parish with the consent of such Justice, shall think fit to remain here sooner.

Fees

• For such publication and certificate thereof: 12d and no more.
• For every birth of child: 4d and no more.
• For every death: 4d and no more.
• For publications, marriages, births and burials of poor persons who live upon alms: nothing shall be taken.

And the said Justices of the Peace (if it be desired) shall give unto the parties so married, a certificate in parchment under his hand and seal, of such marriage and of the day of solemnization thereof, and of two or more of the witnesses there present. And the Justice’s clerk for this certificate may receive 12d and no more.

And if such certificate shall be produced to the clerk of the peace for that county, a request made to him to make an entry thereof, there the said clerk of the peace is hereby required to enter the same in the book of parchment, to be provided for that purpose, and kept among the records of the said sessions, and to return the said certificate for which entry the clerk of the peace may receive 4d and no more.

“And be it enacted that all register books for marriages, births and burials already past, shall be delivered into the hands of the respective registers appointed by the Act, to be kept as records”.

Confirmation of the Act and the Restoration

This Act was confirmed in 1656, except so much as declares no other marriage to be valid.

At the Restoration (1660) the business of keeping the register book again devolved upon the Parochial Clergy, and an Act was passed (12 Car II cap 33) which legalised “Marriages by Justice since May 1st 1642,” or marriages performed according to the direction or true extent of any act or ordinances of one or both houses of Parliament, or of any Convention sitting at Westminster under the name stile and title of Parliament.

A transcript of the “Blackmore Register 1602-1812” was completed in August 1897 by R. H. Browne. At the back of the volume, Mr Browne gave a summary of his findings.

The first part or book of this Register is unfortunately lost that is to say from 1538 to 1602 – a period of sixty-four years.

It will be seen that the copie or transcript of all that was in existence at the time was made as usual in 1608 – some however were copied a few years earlier viz in 1598 – and that it is signed by the two churchwardens Edward Bradeby and John Tarling – the curate in charge or Vicar does not sign which is somewhat unusual.

This Register, like all others, has its own particular points of interest which will be better understood by those who are acquainted with the parish.

Gaps in the Register

There is no mention of the appointment of a ‘Civil Register’ under the Act of 1653 which may possibly account for the unfortunate lapses at this period: only one baptism for the year in question; four for 1654; two for 1655; none for the years 1656-7; two only for 1658, and two for 1659.

The following year – ‘the Restoration’ – the account of the Baptisms is fairly well kept and so on to the end – no less than twenty being set down for the year 1672 and twenty four for 1673.

The marriages were not so numerous as was seldom the case in these rural parishes – Widford being a remarkable exception. For several years in the early part of the [seventeenth] century only one took place; but after 1649 to 1662 – 13 years, only one is recorded as having taken place (ie) Chris Sache in 1658 and none whatsoever for the 4 following years to 1663.

From 1695 many marriages took place at Fryerning … Some explanation might be found for such an unusual occurrence – was Blackmore without a resident minister at the time?

The same irregularity is found when we turn to the burials, none being recorded after Mrs Walmsley in 1652 to John Sayer in 1660. If a layman had been appointed at the time he might have kept a separate book which is now lost.

Turning back to the marriages, only 5 took place from 1712 to 1720 and what is still more remarkable none for the long period of ten years – 1730-40.

Inns and Trades

Two of the Inns are mentioned: the “Bull” in the year 1607 kept by a family named Cooke and the Swan in 1700 by John Clarke.

The trades or handicrafts are rarely mentioned. Petchie was a smith – are there any survivors of this ancient family?

Another Petchie was a sawyer [1604]; Hogg, the miller, 1602. Thos Bones weaver, 1671; John Nicholson miller also in 1671; Robert Hall shoemaker in 1685”. In addition, John Reve butcher (1607); and references are made to an innkeeper, glover, wheelwright and clerk.

The most intriguing of all the trades is a burial entry to “Thomas ------ comonly called ‘The Tinker’” (1738).

Burial in Woollen

The Act of Chas II 1678 for making the burying in woollen only compulsory is always interesting and in this instance many names of local clergy and magistrates are given before whom the affidavits were made.

Two or three instances are recorded for non-compliance – Lady Smyth, 1693; Frances Stanes and William Lee in 1702.

Notable Families and Longevity

Several notable people were connected with the parish – Smyths, Luckins, Tendrings and Barretts of Ramsden Bellhouse.

One or two instances of longevity are mentioned. Ann Murrell, 1778, age 96. Richard Preston, 84; Henry Johnson, 94; Daniel Rust, 82; John Clarke, 84, [recorded between 1803 and 1812].

But on the other hand there was the usual great infant mortality during the prevalence of small pox and inoculation at the close of the last [eighteenth] century together with the distress and occurrences of all the commodities of daily life.

Briefs

Briefs. A few only are put down – the first being in 1689 but the purpose for which the collection was made has been omitted.

Public feeling must have been aroused at the persecution of the Protestants, for the inhabitants to have subscribed £2-0-0 on one occasion.

The Year 1897

Many more comments might be made: but I must content myself with just mentioning that this year [1897] has been a remarkable one in several respects.

The Queen’s [Diamond] Jubilee celebrations causing universal rejoicing.

There is an abundant harvest both of hay and corn despite the great storm of June last, which devastated about seventy square miles in the County between Epping and Chelmsford.

Large sums are being subscribed locally and at the Mansion House for the relief of the sufferers.

An extract from ‘A History of Stondon Massey in Essex’ by Rev. E.H.L. Reeve, M.A., published 1900.

The following order to the Churchwardens from the Archdeacon’s books is interesting, and gives a peep into the Church in 1683:

“The paveing in ye Chansell to be newe layd.
2 Locks for ye chest; and ye Register Book to be kept in’t.
The seates in ye Chancell to be mended.
The Communion Table to be mended and sett in its place.
The raine water to be prevented comeing in at ye chancell doore.
The Church to be whited.
The ffront to be removed to the Northe doore and that part of the floore to be brickt.
The wheels of the Bells to be mended.
The bushes to be taken out of ye Churchyard.
The Churchyard wants a new gate.
The ffence belonging to Stondon hall, now in the tenure of Col. Nathaniel Rich, wants reparation.
There wants a new Communion Prayer Book and Table of the Degrees of Marriage”.

The Missing Register

Time and careless custodians have dealt hardly with us. In 1683 the Archdeacon at his visit ordered “2 lockes for ye chest, and ye Register Book to be kept in’t;” but even the very chest has utterly disappeared!

Our earliest extant book dates from 1708, and for a century after this the entries are far from being complete or satisfactory. I am glad to say that by careful search among the ancient wills at Somerset House and other sources I have been able in some measure to repair the deficiency as regards burials at least, and have succeeded in recovering about 70 names, a few of them dating from the 15th century.

Rector Thomas Smith and the Registers

Our Rector, Thomas Smith cannot, I fear, be acquitted of the charge of culpable carelessness. We find entries in his handwriting inserted here and there apparently just where space seemed to offer itself, quite regardless of dates; and, while he gives us abundant information in some cases, he makes a note of others with a brevity which is, to say at least, timesome and perplexing.

There are, however, one or two points on which a few words may be said. And first I would like to call attention to the singular state of the early marriage register.

Out of 121 marriages between 1708 and 1754 entered in the book only 17 show one of the parties to have belonged to Stondon. In every other case both bride and bridegroom belonged to outside parishes.

And this is the more strange seeing that in the succeeding 37 years after 1754 no fewer than 68 marriages are entered showing either a Stondon bride or bridegroom.

Sometimes, again, a wedding is entered when a ceremony took place elsewhere. Mr Thomas Smith united the Curacy of Blackmore in 1756 to his other cures, but it is embarrassing to find the following in the Stondon books in 1744:

July 18th. “Married at Blackmore John Baker Batchelor and Martha Belcher Spinster, Both of the Parish of Danbury in this County”.

One wonders whether other Rectors were as much in request for tying the nuptial knot as Mr Smith, and whether, in cases where the entries were merely records of their work done in other parishes, the parishes interested were favoured with a copy for their own books.

Otherwise the work of hunting up materials for a pedigree must be felt to be a harder one than has been realized hitherto.

Marriage Before and After 1754

It is, I fear, extremely probable that our Rector was known to be a man who would ask no awkward questions.

Previous to 1754 any marriage performed by a priest was accounted valid, though it might not be legal; and, although the officiating clergyman was liable to heavy penalties in such a case, the law was not often put in force, if the parson could be found ready to run the risk.

The increase in so-called “Stondon” marriages after 1754 points some way, and tends to show that somehow Mr Smith still contrived to remain a popular clergyman.

A Double Marriage in 1789

An amusing incident appears in 1789, attended no doubt with distress and inconvenience at the time.

In the Church Marriage Book the marriage of the same couple is entered both on Feb. 7th and on May 1st. The Clerk’s informal book notes the double ceremony also, but in the second instance, I think, somewhat naively adds “at eleven o’clock in the morning”.

The inference, I think, therefore is obvious, that on the first occasion time and the fates were against the young people, and mid-day sounded before the ring could be safely placed on the bride’s finger.

Burial in Woollen

Among the entries of Burial we frequently find it mentioned that the “Affidavit was duly made.”

This affidavit was required by an Act of Parliament passed in 1678 attesting that the body to be buried “was not wrapt in any material but what was made of sheep’s wool,” the object of the Act being to encourage the woollen trade.

The Act was repealed in 1814, but had long before fallen into disuse. The penalty attached to neglect of it was £5, half to be paid to the informant, and half to the Poor of the Parish.

Stondon’s Oldest Recorded Inhabitant

Our oldest inhabitant known to the Registers is Mr William Smith, “late Farmer in the Parish, who was buried Nov. 10th, 1749 in the hundredth year of his age”.

Unfortunately, there is no reference to Parish Registers of Greensted, Stanford Rivers, Stapleford Tawney or Theydon Mount.

With its own history stretching back to 1852 the Essex Archaeological Society (as it was known before it was renamed the Essex Society for Archaeology and History in 1985) its lead members were keen to transcribe Parish Registers held in church safes. This was all before the era of public record offices.

(Written in March 2015) Online historical research is almost an expected feature of our digital age. In recent years the Essex Record Office, in its role as Diocesan archivist, has made available by subscription the collection of Essex parish registers. No longer is it necessary to go to the search room to view microfilm copies. Technology moves along as does the availability of these records.

The 1858 Parish Register Survey

When the Essex Archaeological Society was formed, one of its earliest projects was to establish the extent of registers in individual parishes. In a letter to clergymen dated 25 October 1858, Edward Cutts, Honorary Secretary, circulated “a paper of Queries, drawn up by members to indicate the points of interest … [which] will not only be carefully indexed and treasured among the Society’s papers … but … digested by him into a general paper on the Parish Registers of the County.” Twenty-three questions were asked.

Within tightly wrapped brown paper tied firmly with string I found what our Archives Catalogue describes as:

“Collection of returned forms for the Society's parish register survey 1858: Short returns from Chingford, Colchester St Peter, White Colne, Fairstead, Frating (and Thorrington), Castle Hedingham, Herongate, Hutton, Latchingdon, Manningtree, White Notley, Purleigh, Southminster, Stifford, Tendring, Wendon Lofts (and Elmdon), Wicken Bonhunt, Wickham Bishops and Wickham St Pauls.

Fuller returns from Bardfield Saling, Barking, Belchamp Otten, Birdbrook, Little Burstead, Chadwell St Mary, Colchester St Leonard, Cold Norton, Faulkbourne, East Hanningfield, Little Horkesley, Lawford, Messing, Navestock, Roxwell, Thaxted, Theydon Garnon and Great Warley.

Also included: copy of a letter from Morant to the Lord of the Manor of Aldham on the history of the estate, 19 Apr 1763. 2 pages from the St James's Gazette 5 Jan 1887 regarding the refusal of the tithe payers of Hatfield Broad Oak to pay their tithes to Trinity College Cambridge. Rubbing of a brass at Kirby-le-Soken to Rebekah Crease, died 1619, now (presumably) lost.”

The latter items have since 2015 been transferred to the Essex Record Office (S/SEC/4/1).

What the Returns Reveal

The opening question to clergymen was the year in which Parish Registers commenced. I compared all the returns to ‘The Atlas and Index of Parish Registers’ (2003) by Humphrey-Smith. All the earliest dates corresponded which indicated that the Society is not sitting on a unique record of lost ledgers.

That is not to suggest that these documents are obsolete.

The returns give insight into the study of such things as baptism of Puritan children, proclamation of marriages in Market-places, “interments specially described as with a coffin, without a coffin; with a sermon …”, Certificates of Burial in woollen, notes of Inductions to supplement “Newcourt’s Repertorium often incomplete, especially during period of the Great Rebellion, “extracts of events relating to local or general history”.

The great storm of 26 November 1703 is recorded at Purleigh which “layd naked most peoples dwelling houses, Barns, Stables & all other houses“.

A two-month long frost in 1683 is recorded at Cold Norton “so violent that several people for several days went backwards and forwards over Fambridge Ferry upon the ice”.

The Register at Messing records the “Provisions and other accommodations for the Army under his Excellency the Lord Fairfax” during the siege of Colchester in 1648.

Other than notes on the registers of Barking (published in the Transactions, Old Series, Volume II) a general digest was not produced. Perhaps the survey did not produce a sufficiently comprehensive record of the county.

Access to Parish Registers Around 1900

At the turn of the twentieth century, we see the efforts of local historians in gaining access to records in church safes. C. F. D. Sperling included some parish register transcripts in his manuscript books (S/LIB/9/1-7) and a notebook dedicated to the topic (S/LIB/9/15).

J. L. Glasscock’s manuscript notebook ‘Notes and gleanings from various places in Herts and Essex’ (S/LIB/9/28) mentions in 1903 that at Little Dunmow:

“My friend Mr Hastings Worrin of Priory Lodge Little Dunmow kindly invited me … & shewed me the Parish Reg. from which I made … extracts.”

There are many other examples.

“Revd J Monk [Henham, 1906] allowed me to inspect the 1st Vol of Register which contains Bap. Mar. Bur. 1539 to 1741.”

Glasscock also mentions the “Sheering Book of Rates and Accounts 1680. This old book was offered for sale to me (May 1914) & I was instrumental in getting its returned (by a payment from the Rector of Sheering to the owner) to its proper place the Church Chest of Sheering.”

He then goes on to describe its content. It is now preserved in the Essex Record Office.

The Transcription Projects of the 1930s

By the 1930s many members of the Society had been engaged in making transcripts of Parish Registers.

The Society’s archives include an envelope containing the work of C. F. D. Sperling and C. Partridge in obtaining transcriptions of Parish Registers (S/LIB/9/50/9). This contains:

1. Church Registers Marriages. Alphabetical list compiled by Sperling.
2. Letter from Henry, Bishop of Chelmsford, Bishopscourt, Chelmsford, dated 2.3.1932:
   

   “I am quite willing to give you permission to borrow the Registers of any parish in this Diocese, and I authorise the Incumbent to lend them to you for the purpose of copying them”.

3. Letter from Bishop of Barking, dated 26.9.1931.
4. Letter from A J Parry from St Peter’s Vicarage, Upton Cross, E7 to the Bishop, dated 7.7.1931.
5. Letter from Wanstead Rectory to the Bishop, 1.7.1931.
6. Letter from Little Yeldham Rectory to Revd Alfred Young, dated 2.7.1931.
7. Letter from Bishop of St Edmundsbury & Ipswich to Sperling, dated 14.2.1931:
   

   “As requested by Mr Charles Partridge I hereby authorise you to borrow the registers of any parish in this Diocese”.

8. Notes on Parish Registers transcribed by C. Partridge including a list of 12 refusals by clergy.

This includes Great Bentley:

“Bentley Magna. After correspondence, & after calling several times, I at last found the Vicar at home – Rev G. Colley. He has a transcript from 1558 to (I think) 1717, made by a former vicar. He showed it to me but refused to lend it on the ground that our work is ‘utterly useless’.

He said, ‘You would be better using your time in digging potatoes, or in working as I do – preaching the Gospel’!

He is quite impossible, an awful bounder, & was so impertinent that I walked out of the vicarage. I wouldn’t go again should he beg me to go. I leave him to you and the Bishop!”

Family History and the Society

In the 1950s there was a surge in enquiries to the Society from family historians. The Society has a large number of in-letters to its Secretary. The Essex Record Office noticed this too and commented in one of their letters (S/SEC/7/4).

These transcripts became a matter of controversy when forty years later the Essex Record Office was granted permission to make microfilm copies.

A Mr Whitehead, one the transcribers, objected strongly to copies of his work being undertaken (S/LIB/7/2).

In the late 1970s Hon Librarian Peter Boyden produced a catalogue of transcripts held in the Society’s Library (S/ARC/1/1). The documents have since been deposited at the Essex Record Office.

Parish Registers as Historical Evidence

Parish Registers are the bedrock for research. One such example is the essay written for the Third Series, Volume 4, of Transactions (1972): ‘The Plague in Colchester 1579-1666’ by I. G. Doolittle.

“On the basis of an analysis of the parish registers of St Leonards, St Marys, and St Peters and borough records, mortality of epidemic proportions seems to have occurred in the following years: 1579, 1586:, 1597, 1603, 1626, 1631, 1644, and 1665-6.”

The volume has recently been digitised by the Society making retrieval very simple.

The Victorian Parish Register return to the Society for St Leonards Colchester is silent regarding the plague.

At Barking:

“periods of great mortality” were “1593, 1603, 1625, 1665, 1666, 1729. In these years the mortality was double the average, or thereabouts: except 1603 by far the most fatal year, & in which there was more than 3 times the average.”

This illustrates the inconsistent reporting and perhaps why a digest was never produced. The exercise though was probably the first ever attempt to capture data on the subject.

From Church Chests to Online Archives

The Society’s long history reflects changes in local history and genealogical research. Today facsimile copies of registers are available online through Essex Ancestors and some have been cheeky enough to transcribe them and make them freely available on the Internet.

This represents a democratisation of archives which would make the Rector of Great Bentley revolve in his grave.

But as an amateur, under no pressure to create databases and meet dissertation deadlines, I quite like the brown paper packages tied up with string.

These are a few of my favourite things.

Essex Record Office record on their Parish Registers pages
(Essex Archives Online - Parish Registers)
that the two Baptism Registers, for 1823-1836 and 1834-1837 are available at The National Archives.

An extract from ‘An Anthology of Essex’ edited by Charlotte Fell Smith, published in 1911.

“Chigwell, my dear fellow, is the greatest place in the world. Name your day for going. Such a delicious old inn opposite the churchyard – such a lovely ride – such beautiful forest scenery – such an out-of-the-way rural place – such a sexton! I say again, name your day!”

Charles Dickens. Letter to John Forster, 1842.

Introduction

In 2015 the Group published local extracts from Ogborne’s ‘History of Essex’ a book which, covering the Becontree Hundred, Royal Liberty of Havering-atte-Bower, Half Hundred of Waltham, and a handful of parishes in the Ongar Hundred, turned out to be the only volume published.

Extracts were published of Theydon Bois and Theydon Mount, including descriptions in Latin of memorials in both churches. The power of the Internet allows for quick translation for any non-Latin scholars. (Not being taught Latin the previous approach was to use an English/Latin dictionary word-for-word.)

Theydon Bois

The former church at Theydon Bois dedicated to St Mary, “a small low building, with cupola of wood” contained the memorial “To the memory of John Marmaduke Grafton Dare, esq. died November 22, 1810, aged 49” not long before the publication of Ogborne’s work.

The memorial contained the Latin inscription:

Etate jam florente, miles sese relinquens Patriæque / Penitus addixit, maturis autem annis omnia. / Munera civilis vitæ ftliciter peregit, magisterio / Officio potitus ; ob quietatem animique acumen / Sese elarum reddidit omnibus: mariti, patris, / Filii, fratrisque officiis summo cum amore et / Pietate perfunctus est ; in amicos Denique / Maxime ingeniis studioque semper incensus. / Ut inseriberetur hæc tabella in testimonium / Illius virtutum, suisque plorabilis infortunii / Curavit Elizabetha Grafton Dare, ejus vidua, / Henrici Eaton, armigeri, nuper de villa / Rainham, filia ex uxore Elizabetha unica, / Prole Georgii Mildmay, armigeri, de consanguineo / Generis veteris prosapie diu commorantis apud Marks.

This translates as:

In his prime years, he dedicated himself entirely to his country, and in later years accomplished all the duties of civil life successfully, mastering his profession; for the sake of peace and sharp mind he made himself available to everyone: as a husband, father, son, and brother he performed his duties with utmost love and piety; and to friends, above all, he was always eager in talent and learning.

To have this tablet placed as a testimony of his virtues and his regrettable misfortune, Elizabeth Grafton Dare, his widow, daughter of Henry Eaton, esquire, formerly of the village of Rainham, and the only child of Elizabeth, by George Mildmay, esquire, of an old noble family long residing at Marks, took care.

Theydon Mount

The church was “burnt by lightning, and the present one rebuilt by the first Sir William Smith”. Ogborne tells us that it is “rich in monuments of the Smith family”, one of which is “to the memory of Sir Thomas Smith, whose effigy is placed in a recumbent posture, leaning on his right hand, under an arched canopy: over the figure is the following inscription:

Thomas Smithus, eques auratus, hujus manerii dominus cum regis Edwardi sexti, tum Elizabetha reginæ consiliarius; ac primi nominis secretarius, eorundemque principum ad maximos reges legatus; nobilis ordinis Garterii cancellarius, arda Australisque Claneboy in Hibernia Collenellus, juris civilis supremo titulo etiam cùm adolescens insignitus, orator, mathematicus, philosophus excellentissimus, linguarum Latinæ, Græca, Hebraica, Gallic etiam et Italica callentissimus. Proborum et ingeniosorum hominum fautor eximius, plurimis commodans, nemini nocens, ab injuriis ulscilcendis alienissimus. Denique sapientia, pietate, integritate insignis, et in omni vitâ, seu æger seu valens, intrepidus mori, cum ætatis suæ 65 annum complevisset in ædibus suis Montaulensibus, 12° die Augusti, anno salutis 1577, pie et suaviter in Domino obdormivit.

In other words:

Thomas Smith, a knight of the Golden Order, lord of this manor, counsellor to both King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth, first secretary of these rulers, envoy to the greatest kings, chancellor of the Order of the Garter, chief of Claneboy in Southern Ireland, awarded the supreme title of civil law even as a youth, an orator, mathematician, and distinguished philosopher, highly skilled in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, and even Italian.

A remarkable supporter of virtuous and talented people, generous to many, harming none, completely averse to seeking revenge. Finally, distinguished for wisdom, piety, and integrity, fearless in face of death whether sick or healthy, he peacefully and sweetly passed away in the Lord at his Montaules home on the 12th of August 1577, having reached the age of 65.

Ogborne continues that beneath the figure:

Gloria vita anteacta celebrem facit in terræ Visceribus sepultum. Innocuus vixi; si me post funera lædis, Cælesti Domino facta (sceleste) lues.

In English this reads:

“Fame makes past life celebrated though buried in the bowels of the earth. I lived harmlessly; if you harm me after death, you will suffer before the Heavenly Lord (wicked one).”

He is commemorated with his wife, Philippa who died 20 June 1578.

The Arms and Motto

Over the monument are his Arms in marble with these words:

“Tabificus quamvis serpens oppresseret ignem, Qua tamen erumpendi sit data copia lucet.”

The says “Though the tamer held back the fire like a snake, it's clear there was still the chance for it to burst out.”

Finally, under the is this motto, “Qua pota lucet” meaning “Where the drink shines”.

Ogborne’s ‘History of Essex’ published in 1817 began to introduce her readers to the parishes in the Ongar Hundred, but she only managed to cover Chigwell, Loughton, Theydon Bois, Theydon Garnon, and Theydon Mount. Volume 1 turned out to be the only one published.

Elizabeth Ogborne wrote as an introduction to Ongar Hundred:

Is said to have received its name from the chief town in it, Ongar, anlientiy written Angrc, derived from the Saxon word Aungre, the place, or probably from the Saxon word Hangre, a hill.

It is bounded on the west by the half hundreds of Waltham and Harlow; on the south by the half hundred of Becontree, and the royal liberty of Havering; on the east by the hundreds of Chafford, Barnstaple, Chelmsford, and part of Dunmow; and by part of the latter and Harlow hundred on the north.

Its extent from north to south is about fourteen miles, and from east to west seven miles. The river Roding runs entirely through it, in a northerly direction, into Dunmow hundred.

This hundred was granted by king Henry II. to Richard de Lucy, sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire, in 1162. He was constituted justice of England, and appointed lieutenant of the kingdom, in 1166, during the absence of Henry in Normandy.

He also possessed the lordship of Ongar, where he built a castle. Hi s sons, Geffrey and Richard, dying without issue, the honours and estates were inherited by his daughter Rohais, wife of Fulbert de Dover, and afterwards fell to her sister Maud, married to Richard de Ripariis, or Rivers; whose descendant John de Rivers, in 1336, enfeoffed John de Havering in it; who, in 1339, granted it to sir John Sutton, of Theydon Mount; from whom it was conveyed to Ralph lord Stafford.

In this family it continued, till Henry earl of Stafford was beheaded for attempting to dethrone king Richard III. in 1483: it then became forfeited to the crown.

King Henry VIII. granted it to Richard lord Riche; with whose heirs it continued for some years, till, in the division of the family estates, it fell to sir Henry St. John; who sold it to Philip Traherne, of whom it was purchased by Eliab Harvey, esq. in whose family it still continues, and is now possessed by vice admiral sir Eliab Harvey, K. C. B.

The Ward-Staff Custom

In this hundred was an antient custom, by which many estates were held, known by the name of the service of the ward-staff, which obliged owners of estates within it to attend personally, or send one or two persons according to their tenures to supply their place.

The ceremony was: A staff carried from Abbess Roding (where further particulars will be given), accompanied with a number of persons, through the different parishes of this hundred; at each of which it rested one night, watched by persons appointed on purpose, and returned again from whence it came.

This was done to represent the king’s person, and to keep the king’s peace, by a yearly muster of fencible men, who were appointed to guard the peace of the hundred from being violated by murders and robberies.

Other estates were held by paying ward-silver. This old custom has been long discontinued.

The Parishes of Ongar Hundred

Ogborne listed the twenty-six parishes as follows:

Chigwell, Loughton, Theydon Bois, Theydon Gernon, Theydou Mount, Lambourn, Stapleford Abbots, Stapleford Taney, Navestock, Kelved Hatch, Stondon, Stanford Rivers, Greensted, Cheping Ongar, High Ongar, Shelly, Bobbingworth, North Weald, Magdalen Laver, High Laver, Little Laver, Moreton, Norton Mandevill, Fifield, Roding Beauchamp, and Roding Abbess.

Ongar Hundred parishes have been listed before, but in modern spelling are:

• Chigwell
• Loughton
• Theydon Bois
• Theydon Garnon
• Theydon Mount
• Lambourne
• Stapleford Abbotts
• Stapleford Tawney
• Navestock
• Kelvedon Hatch
• Stondon Massey
• Stanford Rivers
• Greensted-juxta-Ongar
• Chipping Ongar
• High Ongar
• Shelley
• Bobbingworth
• North Weald
• Magdalen Laver
• High Laver
• Little Laver
• Moreton
• Norton Mandeville
• Fyfield
• Beauchamp Roding
• Abbess Roding

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From the time of Queen Elizabeth I to that of Queen Victoria, the established Church of England took responsibility for the affairs of the parish, including upholding the law, the maintenance of highways, and providing for the poor. The main business was carried out through the Vestry, with the Vicar and Churchwardens holding considerable power over the parishioners.

The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834

By the early 1800s the cost of providing for the poor had increased to unacceptable levels. A new approach was required.

In 1834 the Government passed the ‘Poor Law Amendment Act’ which transferred responsibility away from the parish to a Board of Guardians within the Poor Law Union.

For the parish of Blackmore, the poor were sent to the Ongar Union Workhouse at Stanford Rivers. The Union comprised of 26 parishes (listed below).

Life in the Workhouse

Life in the workhouse was feared: men, women and children were segregated and forced to work hard. To enter the workhouse was a last resort.

This was the abode for the infirm and destitute – the “undeserving poor” – who were not obliged to work as hard as their counterparts.

The Stanford Rivers Workhouse, extended in 1838, had capacity for 240 inhabitants [ERO T/Z 13/154].

The End of the Workhouse System

The Workhouse System was abolished in 1931. Today a Welfare State supports those in need.

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Preface

A few years’ ago, while reading ‘Romantic Essex’ by Reginald Becket (1901), my attention was drawn to a particular passage:

“Ingatestone … was the centre of the hundred square miles of Essex which was devastated in a quarter of an hour by a hailstorm on that black Midsummer Day of 1897. When I passed through it at harvest-time in that same year, the crops seemed to have been cut off a few inches above the ground, though no harvest had been reaped”.

The cultivation of peas was especially prevalent around the Chelmsford area at that time. These were grown for the London markets, and many City-dwellers came to help with the harvest in the same manner as the hop-pickers did in Kent. For them it was a kind of working holiday.

Soon after 2.00pm that day the weather changed dramatically. A cold front had arrived accompanied by dark clouds “with lurid lights”. The day became known as “Black Thursday” or “the Essex tornado”.

The Storm Breaks

The storm tracked from west to east: from Epping, through Ongar and Chelmsford, finally dying our near Colchester. The storm took the following course:

2.45pm	Carried away a tent a little south of Epping
2.55pm	It was wrecking Ingatestone
3.00pm	It reached Chelmsford
3.10pm	It was at Danbury
Before 4.00pm	It had died out south of Colchester

A ten-year old living at the time near Cooksmill Green later recalled (Mrs Ellen Nears, 1961):

“a very peculiar cloud almost the shape of a mushroom and very black moving very fast high up in the sky, and coming from the Ongar direction. Suddenly it started to churn up and looked awful, and the wind started to rage furiously”.

Other reports suggested that “on reaching Mill-green [the storm] divided into two currents of which one tore over Colonel Disney’s property, The Hyde, and thence towards Ingatestone, which was its outer edge, and Galleywood-common, while the other rushed towards the north-east through Cook’s Mill and Writtle to Chelmsford and Springfield”.

According to The Standard, the north-east storm continued over Kelvedon and Colchester to the sea, while the other tracked south-east towards the Rivers Crouch and Roach.

The Mill Green area of Ingatestone bore the brunt of the storm. Mrs Wilde (1913) records that the hailstorm was accompanied by a tornado:

“the force of the wind was so immense that great trees bowed almost flat before it. … A stack of chimneys at Lightoaks had come down without the inmates being aware of its fall, so great was the noise of the storm”.

Lightoaks, built only a few years earlier by architect George Sherrin was the home of the Du Cane family. Nearby Spilfeathers and neighbouring properties had roofs entirely damaged.

Miss Baker tells that:

“Mr David Christy at Margaretting Hall was on a stack and the ladder was blown down so he could not escape the hailstones, some of which were 2½ inches in diameter. A brewery dray and its pair of horses belonging to Wells and Perry was blown over”.

The Times reported that all down one side of Ingatestone High Street, window fronts “were smashed to atoms”. It comments that the only cheerful men must have been glaziers.

Hailstones fell as big as hens’ eggs. At Ingatestone one, “picked up by Mr S Horsenell of Ingatestone Post-office”, measured 5½ inches (14cms) in circumference and weighed 3½ ounces (almost 100g).

Although I had lived in Ingatestone for the first 37 years of my life, and now live in Blackmore, I had never heard about this event. So, with the intention of writing a short article for a local history group magazine, curiosity and research got the better of me and I ended up writing a short book.

Introduction

Extreme weather events have a tendency to enter our collective memory. The current generation remembers the hurricane which hit southeast England on the night of 16th October 1987. Contemporary accounts recall trees uprooted and the landscape changed by this single episode.

Although some may have heard of the Colchester Earthquake of 1884, fewer may know about the devastating hailstorm which swept Essex on Midsummer Day, June 1897. This was to have a more far-reaching effect on people than recent meteorological events.

Much activity in Essex concentrated on farming. Over a half of the adult males living in the parish of Blackmore during the nineteenth century were agricultural labourers. Family life was tough, and, with wages low, and work scarce, many migrated, demonstrated by the fact that in Blackmore there was twice the number of baptisms than burials in the parish.

As the Victorian era closed, 27% of the population died under the age of ten. Newspaper reports during the 1890s give accounts of a severe agricultural depression.

Midsummer Day, 1897

Thursday 24th June 1897 was a hot day with temperatures reaching 31°C (86°F) in Chelmsford by 2.00pm.

In the fields of Essex, there was the prospect of a good harvest and, for the farmers, increased prices. The greenhouses of nurserymen in the Chelmsford area were filling with ripening fruit and vegetables.

At Little Braxted the previous day farmer James Tabor recorded in his diary, “carted first hay here”. He described Thursday as a “very hot morning”. Labourers were out in the fields across the county, cursing the heat, hay making or pea picking.

At the north end of Ingatestone High Street there was an avenue of large trees “but several of these came down at once and the pony and trap [which Miss Baker’s mother was driving] could not return. Mother fell out onto the road, her hat flew off and was never found. People picked her up and took her into the house, which can be still seen standing next to the New Road”.

At Cooksmill Green, ten-year old Ellen, on an errand to buy paraffin and candles for her mother, was taken indoors by a neighbour and watched as huge hailstones fell which:

“smashed all the windows and greenhouses. Mrs Chalcroft was so upset that she shut herself up in a cupboard. I was too scared to move. Then some pea pickers struggled in, their faces, legs and hands bleeding badly. They had some children with them. It was awful”.

Once the storm had abated, she could not immediately get home because the road at the bottom of Shalcraft’s Hill was deeply flooded. Her father later picked her up in a brewer’s dray.

Ellen witnessed:

“drifts of hailstones were higher than the hedges. Birds lay dead, trees were uprooted … and when I got to our farm the chickens and ducks lay about dead and cattle and sheep were in a terrified state”.

Eye witness, Mr Tabor recorded in his diary the following day:

“Dull and mild. Went by train to Chelmsford. A lot of damage has been done to the crops by yesterdays hailstorm. Planted kohl rabi in mangle”.

His farm had escaped the ravages of the storm although he recorded “heavy thunderstorm in the afternoon [of Thursday] with Rain & Hail. 85 [0.85 inches] Rainfall fell in about Half an hour”.

Scenes of Devastation

The Parish Journal for Kelvedon Hatch (August 1897) observed that:

“Before the storm the gardens and crops looked most promising, much better than for many years, but within fifteen minutes all was changed: nothing left but blighted hopes and utter ruin; everything annihilated and destroyed … The loss to the parish will exceed £2,000”.

“Never within living memory had so much damage been caused within so short space of time”, wrote Rev E H L Reeve of Stondon Massey (1900). “Some of the hail stones were swept up the following morning, so large and solid had they been”.

The Essex County Chronicle, Friday, 2nd July, 1897 devoted much space to “The Tornado in Essex” with headlines:

“First Accounts pale into insignificance.
Whole farms swept clean of crops.
Enormous destruction of vegetables and fruit.
Hailstones bigger than hens’ eggs.
Slates and iron roofs penetrated”.

The newspaper spoke of the havoc wrought by the storm and the harvest all but destroyed.

“The crops of wheat, barley, oats, peas, beans, and other produce … had been ruthlessly cut down and beaten into almost indistinguishable pulp and shreds by the devastating storm. The market gardens, of course, suffered in the same way, while in the greenhouses, which in Essex are used very extensively for the growth of flowers, grapes, melons, tomatoes and cucumbers, scarcely a pane of glass which faced the north or north-west was left whole. As to the dwelling-houses and places of business, their windows looked as if they had been subjected to a merciless fusillade by invading battalions”.

It describes a two-mile walk up New Road, Ingatestone to Huskards and Mill Green as a “sight too terrible to describe. ‘If some relief is not afforded, a great number of people will be utterly ruined’”.

Mr Thomas French, of Grove Lodge, Ingatestone had insured his greenhouse for 2s.6d with the ‘General Hail Storm Insurance Society’. Undoubtedly, he claimed for the loss of his greenhouse with 206 square feet of glass, valued at £11.3s.0d. The policy had a renewal date of Midsummer Day.

A similar pattern of devastation is recorded across the area.

In Abridge, the Jubilee fete was in progress. A tent full of children was blown down during the storm but nobody was hurt. Many people were drenched. Elsewhere in Essex, hailstones caused severe bruising to the victims.

Towards Ongar, at Stanford Rivers was the Ongar Union Workhouse. 200 panes of glass were broken by the storm but fortunately a “casual pauper who entered the workhouse on the night of the storm” had the requisite skills and was put to work.

The Chairman (Mr Lawrence Marriage, C.A.): “Is he is good tradesman?”

Master (Mr W Begley): “Oh, yes; he put in three while the other man was putting in one. The glass came at one o’clock. He kept at work until eight, and put in 60 panes. He is willing to stay and finish the work”.

The Chairman: “Well, then, give him a half-sovereign”.

At the Rectory, Stondon Massey, Revd. Reeve told that:

“Great stones the size of large strawberries clattered around us and panes of glass were heard crashing in the skylight upstairs and in some of the rooms to the west side of the house. We could but recall the Plague of Hail in the Book Exodus. … Our servants hearing the crash of glass and terrified by the portentous darkness believed that the end of all things had come, and were found crying in all corners about the house”.

He added that trees were badly damaged and their bark stripped in places by the ferocity of the storm. “The buds [of fruit trees] for the following year were cut off, and 1898 was devoid of fruit”.

At Quince Hall in Blackmore, the whole crop, about 22 acres, was ruined and eight chickens killed. A barn was blown over at Spriggs Farm. At Woodhouse Farm, 60 acres was damaged, with the estimated loss, £300.

“A man was mowing grass at Blackmore, his horses ran away and smashed the mowing machine, one of the knives of which entered the man’s chest and arms. If the knife had caught him lower down death would have been inevitable”.

Dozens of labourers were seen standing in their own gardens sobbing at the devastation that has occurred: “The case of the labourers is an exceedingly sad one”.

At Writtle, “a house with a single pane of unbroken glass was practically unknown”. A hailstone cut through a man’s hat. His injured head had to be stitched. Those wearing summer attire in the fields and caught by the storm had bruises the size of half-crown coins.

“At Little Baddow Rodney [near Danbury] many hailstones weighed quite half an ounce each, after lying in a ditch forty eight hours, and this in temperatures of over eighty degrees [27°C]”.

At Link House, West Hanningfield, all the windows were smashed and “the glass in the little greenhouse to smithereens. Chickens were killed as they ran for shelter, and fields of corn, just coming into ear, were flattened out like a billiard table”.

The storm appears to have claimed just one life. Mr Newcombe, of Beacon Hill Farm, Navestock, “lost his reason, his misfortune being too great for him”. He died the following month at the County Lunatic Asylum.

Aftermath

The Times called on the Government for assistance:

“Agriculture in Essex has not been a very profitable calling for years past, so that those who have just seen the whole promise of a year destroyed, together with much of their fixed capital, can have but scanty reserves to fall back on”.

Locally, the Chronicle, reported verbatim the words of the national press. Losses among farmers were estimated between £100 and £2,000. Some crops were uninsured.

The Times spoke of the “stroke of fate” upon Mr Riley, an Ingatestone farmer:

“Mr Riley is worse off than the farmer who has done nothing all year round, for he must dispose of the ruined crops before he can prepare for next year … his fortune has collapsed”.

The Daily Telegraph reported:

“[an] unfortunate [Ingatestone] farmer says: ‘I don’t know what to do with the land. I cannot plough the straw in, and I shrink from the expense of cutting it. I shall have no harvest. I shall have plenty of firewood; but I sha’n’t have much meat to cook. I must sell my stock, and I fear I must discharge my men. I could not estimate the damage, nor will it be known for two years, and at that time I mayn’t be here to see’”.

George Woods, of Cooksmill Green, wrote to The Essex Herald:

“The workmen have no harvest, and women no gleaning, little pea-picking and all their garden fruit destroyed. Threshing machines are idle, and there will be no employment for many during the winter months. I only know of a few who have their seed corn left”.

The Chronicle appealed on behalf of those who had suffered:

“We trust that the urban and manufacturing portions of the county, and those districts which have escaped this terrible visitation, will come forward liberally and promptly”.

The Rector of Doddinghurst (Revd. F. A. Adams) forwarded to national and local newspapers a letter to the Lord Lieutenant of Essex, Lord Rayleigh, for help. He asks the Editor of the Chronicle to “do what you can to assist the sufferers – both tenant farmers and cottagers, as indeed, all others struggling for a living who have been injured … to call as loudly for help as does the cry of an Indian or Irish famine”.

Between 500 and 600 acres of corn was “worthless” in his parish of less than 2000 acres.

The Chelmsford Meeting

A meeting was called at the Shire Hall in Chelmsford on the afternoon of Friday 2nd July. The notice read:

“It is desirable that the Farmers Nurserymen and their Friends should attend and be prepared, if called upon, to testify as to any losses which they or their neighbours may have sustained.
Thomas Usborne”

Friday was market-day. Reginald Beckett (1901) observed that:

“There is no busier place in the world than Chelmsford on a market-day. Here the broad-shouldered husbandmen, clad in tweed and homespun, whom you may have met on their lonely farmsteads or in the warm parlours of village inns, bring samples of their produce, and in a babel of homely speech determine for the rest of the world the price of its daily bread”.

Over 600 people attended the meeting. Speakers included Lord Rayleigh, who presided at the meeting, and Thomas Usborne, MP for the Mid Essex Division. Over £3,000 was subscribed to the Fund that afternoon.

A Committee was formed to administer The Essex Storm Relief Fund and all eight Essex MP’s supported calls to the Lord Mayor of London to open a Fund.

Shire Hall, Chelmsford

The Mansion House Fund was opened by the Lord Mayor on 5th July. The Editor of The Essex Herald reflected:

“We must also express a hope … that in any distribution which is made, the case of the labouring classes will be well remembered. They have been accustomed to look to the harvest as a time wherein to earn extra money for the payment of their cottage rents, for the purchase of fuel for the winter, and for setting themselves up in clothing and boots. For such as will be unable to get harvest work this autumn the outlook must be extremely dismal”.

The typical wage during harvest 1897 was 2s.4d per day, shown in the diary of James Baines of Wintry Park Farm, Epping. His farm escaped the storm.

In the House of Commons on Tuesday 6th July a spokesman said:

“Competent observers have stated that the loss would not be covered by £200,000 … I do not think that the Government could safely intervene even in the most unfortunate circumstances of this particular case”.

It was decided to cancel the Ingatestone and Fryerning Horticultural Society show. Ongar was a similar casualty of the storm and “the show usually held in November may likewise be abandoned because so many chrysanthemums were ruined”. The shooting season would be badly affected by the number of killed birds.

In the July quarter of the Essex Review it was recorded:

“A sum exceeding £40000 has been collected by means of a County Fund, working in agreement with a Mansion House Fund, and relief to the more needy sufferers has been distributed through the very able and representative committee, but their labours not being ended, official details from their report are not yet public property”.

The Lord Mayor, Sir G Faudel, received an illuminated address from the Committee, signed by Fred O E Petre, Chairman, and Frank Whitmore, Honorary Secretary. It thanked him for his prompt generous action. It is dated November 1897.

The work of the Committee, the correspondence, visits and distribution of money is unfortunately not preserved. This would have shed light on the plight of individuals.

Claims from Stondon Massey

The parish of Stondon Massey has retained a record of the claim, dated 25th October 1897, coordinated by the Rector, Revd. Reeve. The form is titled “Tornado in Essex. 24th June 1897. Men who lost their Harvest Wages”.

It lists the names of the employee and employer; the weekly amount actually earned and the amount “would have earned if had full harvest”. The claim constituted the loss, typically between £1.10s.0d and £2 per man.

Mr Tyndale White, of Stondon Manor, personally supplemented compensation from the Fund by £100. Mr Parkin, a tenant, received £25 and each farmer £6. A Mr Knight, a “small farmer in grass who had no compensation from Chelmsford having no cereal crop” received £2.

Eight “labourers not compensated having no fixed place of work” received 10 shillings each. It appears that the Hailstorm Fund compensated those who had fruit trees in their gardens. Mr Tyndale White gave additional sums ranging from five to fifteen shillings.

Finally, £5 was donated for a “Christmas Tree to Children” and £6, the “Balance in coal to the cottagers”.

The Final Relief Fund Accounts

The Essex Review reported the following year a summary of accounts:

“A year has elapsed since the devastating storm of last midsummer day, and the distribution of the sum subscribed for the sufferers is now concluded. The cash account of Mr Robert Woodhouse, the treasurer of the Essex Tornado Relief Fund, has been issued by the hon. sec. Mr Frank Whitmore.

The account shows receipts amounting to £45,753.15s.4., and the sums granted in relief reached a total of £45,147.4s.4d.. The general expenses, including £165.4s.6d. for clerk’s services, amounted to £406.14s.11d. and the sub-committee have also voted an honorarium of 150 guineas to the honorary secretary, thus leaving a balance of £42.6s.1d. in hand.

The cases relieved numbered 3168 as follows:

• 10 cases receive £400 and over
• 55 cases receive £200 and below £400
• 80 cases receive £100 and below £200
• 94 cases receive £50 and below £100
• 112 cases receive £20 and below £50
• 85 cases receive £10 and below £02
• 231 cases receive £2 and below £10
• 2501 cases receive below £2

David Smith, recording the reminiscences of his father, John (born 1862), says “a few, whose crops had been light anyway, did quite well out of it”.

Revd Reeve of Stondon Massey wrote:

“No doubt mistakes were made, and there were cases in which the losses of farmers were so satisfactorily recouped that it was said they had reason to wish for a similar storm every year! But it was better to make a few mistakes than to leave any case of real distress unrelieved”.

Conclusion

Writing a commentary to his transcript of the Blackmore Parish Registers (1602 to 1812) in 1897, R H Browne concluded:

“I must content myself with just mentioning that this year [1897] has been a remarkable one in several respects. The Queen’s [Diamond] Jubilee celebrations causing universal rejoicing. There is an abundant harvest both of hay and corn despite the great storm of June last, which devastated about seventy square miles in the County between Epping and Chelmsford. Large sums are being subscribed locally and at the Mansion House for the relief of the sufferers”.

The year was certainly remarkable and memorable for those who witnessed these events.

Epilogue

It seems that a storm such as this was not a unique event in Essex. Revd. Reeve records that in 1878 at Stondon Massey a window at the Rectory was damaged by hail.

On 27th May 1913, Ashdon in the north of the county suffered a similar fate. It was again a hot day with the storm breaking about 3.00pm.

Spike Mays (1972) described hailstones the size of cricket balls which damaged roofs and panes of glass. Fruit was ruined and green corn was bowed and bent. An elderly man was bruised by the stones having been caught out in the storm in light summer clothing.

The storm was localised: in Saffron Walden, five miles away, the hailstones were the size of peas.

Finally on 5th September 1958, after an extremely hot day, a heavy storm crossed southern England and in Essex one month’s rain fell in one evening. At Horsham in West Sussex hail fell with the largest recorded hailstone to date, weighing about 8 ounces (191g).

Bibliography

• Baker, Miss G. M. Margaretting. The Village With A Beautiful Name. Volume II (Miss G M Baker, 1983)
• Beckett, Reginald A. Romantic Essex (Dent, 1901)
• Currie, Ian; Davison, Mark; Ogley, Bob. The Essex Weather Book (Froglets Publications, 1992)
• Hope-Moncriff, A. R. Essex (A&C Black, 1909)
• Ketteridge, Christopher, & Mays, Spike. Five miles from Bunkum. A village and its crafts (Eyre Methuen, London, 1972)
• Reeve, Rev E. H. L. Stondon Massey (Wiles & Son, Colchester, 1900)
• Smith, David. No Rain In Those Clouds (Dent, 1943)
• Wilde, Mrs E. E. Ingatestone and the Great Essex Road, with Fryerning (Oxford University Press, 1913)
• Essex County Chronicle. 2 July 1897
• Essex Countryside
• Essex Review. July 1897, July 1898

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to the Editor of ‘Essex Life’ for permission to use two photographs originally published in the June 1961 edition of the ‘Essex Countryside’.

To the staff at Chelmsford Library and the Essex Record Office for their assistance.

The rapid publication of rolls and other medieval records by the Public Record Office and that of the early Essex fines by our own Society have, between them, thrown light on points of manorial history which have hitherto remained obscure. We must always remember that Morant wrote at an early date for a county historian, and the wonder is that he knew so much of our public records when they were still in MS. and comparatively inaccessible.

His account of the early history of the manor of Theydon Mount, which was one of some importance, is not satisfactory. There is no question that it gave name to a certain Paulin de ‘Teydene’ who held three knight's fees in Teydene and Little Wakering of ‘the Honour of Rayleigh' - that is to say the fief which had been forfeited by Henry of Essex.

This Paulin de Tayden appears in our Feet of Fines for Essex (p. 74.) as tenant in 1228 of a quarter of the manor of Thorp, that is Southorp in Southchurch.

Paulin had a predecessor, Henry de Thaydene’, who held these three fees of the Honour of Rayleigh. This was probably in the reign of John, for Henry occurs in our Feet of Fines for Essex (pp. 32, 50, 55) in 1203-1218).

We also meet with Henry de Teyden on the Close Rolls of John in 1213 and 1214.

In 1215 he came seriously to grief in the great struggle between John and the barons, being one of the garrison of Rochester castle who narrowly escaped hanging when it surrendered to the king's forces, after a desperate defence, on November 30.

This we learn from the Patent Roll of 1216, which shows us John, on June 18, ordering Henry to be brought to him in custody from prison.

A record of the following year proves that Paulin was his son and was in favour with the Crown; for the Crown committed him his father's land (in Gloucestershire).

He was also favoured, 23 September, 1225, by the grant of a weekly market and a Michaelmas fair at Theydon (Mount), and by an order (5 April, 1227) to Richard de Montfichet (as keeper of the forest of Essex) to deliver to him two bucks and eight does for his park at Theydon.

He also received remission, three months earlier, of the ‘relief’ due from him for three and a half fees held of the Honour of 'Wallingford. These had been held, as three fees, by his father, Henry de Taydene,' in 1212, and re-appear as three fees in Little Rissington, co. Glouc., under Edward I.

It is remarkable how far apart the holdings of comparatively small landowners sometimes lay. In 1230 Walter de Evermue secured, 50 marcs, the wardship and marriage of Paulin’s daughter in case of his death (si humaniter contingat).

Morant knew nothing of Paulin de Theydon or of his daughter, who brought the manor in marriage to Robert de Briwes. This we learn from the Close Roll of 1236 where we read:

Rex cepit homagium Roberti de Briwes de terris et tenementis que tenet de hereditate Berte filie et heredis Pauline (sic) de Teydene, uxoris predicti Roberti, de honore de Raelegh, cujus custodiam Rex dederat Waltero de Evermuth.

The entry is not quite correct for Paulin is here transformed into a woman and the scribe's ‘Berte' must be an error for ‘Beatrice’. There is, we shall find, abundant proof that the heiress' name was Beatrice.

Robert de Briwes, who thus acquired Theydon Mount (and Little Wakering), bore a name which is usually confused with Brus (or Bruce) on one hand and with ‘Braose' on the other.

He is wrongly styled by Morant Robert de 'Brus,' and must be carefully distinguished from his more important contemporary, Sir Robert de Brus, of the famous family, who was lord, in Essex, of Writtle.

Robert de Briwes was son of John de Briwes, who held some exchequer office in 1207, and for whose land he did homage in 1229. This land was at Stapley FitzPaine in Somerset, which the family held of the Honour of Mortain, and where they had been established at least as early as 1172.

In the spring of 1238 our Feet of Fines for Essex (p. 119) shew us Robert de ‘Brywes' and Beatrice his wife parties to a fine with Robert, parson of Theydon, concerning land in Theydon.

On June 23, 1239, they received a grant of a weekly market, on Thursdays at 'Tayden' and of a yearly fair there for three days at Michaelmas.

In our Feet of Fines for Essex (p. 165) we have Robert de ‘Bruys' and Beatrice dealing with land in 'Thorp' in 1248, and at Midsummer of the same year we have (p. 179) the important fine at Clarendon, before the king himself and his justices, by which Robert de ‘Briwes' and Beatrice transferred for 100 marcs (66l. 13s. 4d.) the manor of ‘Tayden’, with the advowson, to John de Lessinton, to be held of the heirs of Beatrice, doing service for two knights fees and rendering suit at the court of Honour of Rayleigh for Theydon ‘and for impedient's manor of Wakering’.

We have further a royal confirmation and inspeximus of the charter by which Robert and Beatrice gave the manor to John; but the consideration is given as a thousand marcs, and the object is ‘to acquit their debts’.

About the same time we find Robert de ‘Bruys' dealing with rents ‘in Longetotteslond in Little Wakering' and ‘in the marsh of Barneflet’.

These names are important. The first takes us back to a fine of December 1218, which mentions ‘one marsh called Barnflete, which is of the fee of Henry de Teydene, in the marsh called Fuelnesse' (Foulness), which proves that Henry was then holding Little Wakering with Theydon Mount.

The other name takes us back further still; for on the Pipe Roll of 1181 we read under ‘Terra Henrici de Essex' (i.e. the Honour of Rayleigh) ‘xxxs. de Willelmo de Taidene de terra de Langetot’.

This name seemed to defy identification, but we now see that the ‘terra de Langetot’ was ‘Longetotteslond' in Little Wakering. Consequently, we have proof here that William de ‘Taidene' was holding (Theydon Mount and) Little Wakering in 1181.

When Robert parted with his wife's inheritance of Theydon Mount, he retained the other portion of her holding, the knight's fee which lay in Little Wakering and Southorpe (in Southchurch) and in 1252 (May 24) both these holdings are named among the demesne lands on which he was granted free warren.

At his death in 1276 the Inquisition taken is rather puzzling. It deals with lands in counties Norfolk and Lincoln, which he held, ‘by the courtesy', as having married Beatrice, daughter and heiress (or co-heiress') of Walter de Evermue, though their only child (or daughter had died childless), and it also deals with Little Rissington, to which Lettice, daughter of Henry de ‘Teyden' is given as heiress.

But it does not mention the Essex lands, which seem to have passed to his son John. This implies that John's mother was another wife, Beatrice de Teyden.

(Sou)thorpe was sub-enfeoffed, being held of John in 1281 by John de Nevill as one knight's fee. Little Wakering also was held of John de Brews by John de Nevill, at a nominal rent.

It is at this point that Morant begins his history of that manor, on which he was, therefore in error. He cites the fine of 1281 (9 Edward I.) relating to 19l. of rent in Little Wakering and South Bemfleet belonging to John de Brews, but, owing to his one singular failing – the confusion of mesne tenancies - he thought the Nevills were the early owners and had no idea that the Theydons held the manor.

Meanwhile, Theydon Mount being acquired as above by John do Lessinton (alias Lexington), he was duly returned, at his death, in 1257, as holding two knight's fees in ‘Theydon ad montem' of Sir Robert de Brywes.

His brother and heir, the bishop of Lincoln, died a year or two later and was succeeded by two nephews, William de Sutton and Richard de Markham, who divided the inheritance between them.

A very lengthy fine records this division, and in it we find "Tayden' falling to Sutton's share. From this point the descent of the manor presents no difficulty.

To recapitulate, the two manors of Theydon Mount and Little Wakering (with part, at least, of Southorp) were held of the Honour of Rayleigh, in the twelfth century, by the Theydon family, with whose heiress they passed to that of Briwes, under whom, in strictness, Theydon Mount was held by the Lexintons and their heirs the Suttons, while Little Wakering (with Southorpe) was similarly held of them by the Nevills ‘of Essex’.

It is a striking illustration of the laxity of the feudal system in practice that Hugh de Nevill, who was holding thus low down in the scale, was returned in 1303 as holding Little Wakering ‘by barony' (per baroniam).

Supermarine Spitfire. Dr. Alfred Price. Ian Allen Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978 1 85780 324 2. 128 pages. £19.99

This nicely presented book in landscape form is all about the Spitfire, the iconic aircraft of the Second World War. It contains many illustrations both historic and current but is not a coffee table book. Dr Alfred Price not only holds a PhD in History but also has extensive experience of flying so brings to work both knowledge and feeling for the Spitfire. This is a technical book which accessibly takes the reader through all 24 variations of this machine – the use of the Rolls Royce Merlin and Griffon engines for example - and their pilots. It is arranged chronologically beginning with its predecessors. The book has few Essex references: reference to RAF Hornchurch, Rochford and North Weald in connection with the Second World War, and the latter airfield listed as the location for two of the 23 surviving airworthy craft in the UK (47 worldwide). This is a book for those interested in military history.

It would appear that prior to the founding of the Toot Hill Horticultural Society – a similar society was formed in Stanford Rivers as early as 1885.

The Epping Gazette, dated 14/9/1901, stated:

"The Stanford Rivers Flower Show was held in a field lent by Mr. David Christy, J.P. Mr. and Mrs. Christy very kindly entertained a large number of friends to tea at Stanford Rivers Hall during the afternoon. The Treasurer is Mr. G. R. Etherton."

The same newspaper, dated 24/9/1904, reported on the 19th Annual Show –

"The society was entertained by Mrs. Adcock of Traceys. There were many amusements including Davies Steam Circus, The Epping Town Band, etc. There were Sports and I really believe I saw some young folk playing a game which they tell me is as old as the hills and goes by the name of "Kiss-in-the-ring". The Committee included Messrs N. Wilson, J. F. Mugleston, G. H. Lockyer, Pledge, Wm. Millbank, H. W. Millbank, E. Symes, A. and F. King and Syson."

The same newspaper reported:-

9/9/1905: "The Stanford Rivers Cottage Garden Show was held in a field lent by Messrs. Bingley. The successful show had 500 entries."

24/3/1906: "The Stanford Rivers Cottage Garden Show (of which Mr. George A. Howgate is the Hon. Secretary and Mr. R. Waltham is the Hon. Treasurer) began the season with 6/- and ended it with £8 in their favour."

As a result of a decision made in 1953 by Messrs. W. R. Holt, G. Wood and R. Murray, the society was founded. The first officers were: President – Mr. A. Licence, Chairman – Mr. W. R. Holt, Hon. Secretary – Mr. E. W. Banks, Hon. Treasurer – Mr. G. Wood. The first show was held on Saturday, 31st July, 1954 with money prizes for successful exhibitors, but no cups. The show was a great success with 330 exhibits. The show failed to pay for itself but with income from vice-presidents and other supporting activities, the committee was left with a credit balance of £72.

The second show was held on July 30th, 1955 on the Football Ground and attracted over 550 people. Cups and Medals were awarded – The Banksian Medal of the Royal Horticultural Society; The Green Cup – for the highest number of points (Cottage Class); The Hinman Cup – for the most attractive cottage garden; The Millbank Cup – for the highest number of points (Domestic Class); The Chandler Rose Bowl – for Needlework and Knitting.

The financial result for the day showed a small loss of £4 but the closing balance rose to £120.

That a show could be so successful in its formative years was due to an enthusiastic committee and the generous support of the parishioners who gave generously of their services, loan of equipment and transport. The success was also due, in no small measure, in having on its committee Mr. "Bill" Green. His counsel and guidance was invaluable.

In 1955, the show's Vice-Presidents included:- R. Armitage, Esq., Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Auchinvole, S. Grant, Esq., W. Green, Esq., W. F. Hinman, Esq., A. Ireland, Esq., J. Kerr, Esq., Col. G. R. V. Kinsman, C.M.G., D.S.O., W. Macaulay, Esq., Mrs. E. Millbank, J. Millbank, Esq., W. Pearl, Esq., J. Pledge, Esq., Lt. Col. Sir D. Spencer Smith, Bart, O.B.E., etc. The Hon. Secretary was E. W. Banks, Esq.

The 17th show was held on Saturday, August 1st, 1970, and included a Dog Show with a record of 65 dogs! Naturally, by this year many of the society's officers had changed – The President being Dr. A. M. Beck, Vice-Presidents and Committee members included Lady Caroline Armitage, Miss Lucy Millbank, Rev. J. Sykes, Mr. R. Witham, Mr. P. J. S. Griggs, Mrs. R. C. Chitson, Mr. D. Styman, Mrs. E. I. Withers. The Chairman was Major R. S. Whalley and the Hon. Secretary – Miss J. J. Withers.

The 18th Annual Toot Hill Show, Saturday, July 31st, 1971.

Essex Weekly News 5/8/71.

TOOT HILL

Horticultural Show.- A thousand people flocked to Home Field, Toot Hill, on Saturday for the eighteenth annual show held by the Toot Hill and District Horticultural Society.

In the show's horticultural section, there were 800 entries; the number of entries in the domestic and children's classes were up, while those in the flower, fruit and vegetable sections were lower than last year. For the second time in the show's history, the Woodman Cup was not awarded. This cup is for the highest total of cash prizes won by novices and in the ten classes concerned, there was only one entry. Chairman Major R. S. Whalley said afterwards the committee were disappointed at this result. "Not enough of the younger householders are willing to have a go," he said.

Two cups, for the best-kept cottage garden (the Hinman Cup) and for the best front garden (Armitage Cup) were judged in advance. They were won by C. W. Lake and A. F. Roberts, respectively, both of whom live in Toot Hill.

Other events included a fancy dress competition, a dog show, children's sports and many stalls and sideshows. An innovation this year was the Women's Institute section. In all five local W.I.s entered and the prize, a silver rose bowl, was donated by Mr. Harold M. Scott, and named after a local resident for many years, Miss Lucy Millbank, who always took great interest in the work of the W.I. and who died early this year. The bowl was won by Fyfield. Other W.I.s taking part were, from Toot Hill, Castle, North Weald and Ongar.

Tug-o-war teams from two local public houses, the Green Man (Toot Hill) and the Cock (Ongar) competed for a firkin of beer, which was won by the Ongar side. There were also rides on a miniature traction engine and on a pony owned and led by Jane Taylor, of Doe's Farm, Stanford Rivers.

Results: Fancy dress – prettiest entry, Jacqueline Reynolds; most original, Rona Reimann; judge's discretion, Roderick Norton. Sports – first prize winners, Graham Smith, Richard Manning, Angela Watten, Alan White, Elsa Frazer, Kevin Warren, Trevor Monk, Clive Warren, Timothy Kyndt, Paul Smiles; mothers' race was won by Mrs. Martin, and the fathers' race by Mr. Richard Warren.

Horticultural cup winners – Banksian Medal, W. Jarvis; Green Cup, W. Jarvis; Hinman Cup, C. W. Lake; Front garden competition cup, A. F. Roberts; Armitage Cup, A. Clifton; Millbank Cup, Mrs. N. Wood; Chandler Rose Bowl, B. Sharp; Society Cup, A. Clifton; Tugendhat Cup, Mrs. R. Chitson and Mrs. G. Wood; Conway Cup, Karen Wood; Dobriach Cup (for the best dog in show), Mr. Wilmot's Alsatian "Starlight"; Crescot Tankard, Margaret Lambert; Garden News Perpetual Shield, Mrs. Chitson; Society award for best vegetable exhibit, W. Fincham.

The trophies were presented to the winners by the Lord of the Manor – who was present throughout the afternoon, together with his wife, daughter and son-in-law and grandson. At the end of the prize-giving, Mrs. Scott was presented with a magnificent bouquet of flowers.

The Women's Institute ran the Tea Tent in a most efficient manner.

The society showed a gratifying profit of approx. £60 for the afternoon and this was donated towards the Old People's Christmas Dinner Fund.

In 1971 – Mr. and Mrs. Harold M. Scott were elected Life Members of the Society and Mr. Scott elected a Vice-President.

The 19th Toot Hill Horticultural was held on August 5th, 1972. About 1,000 attended, paying a total of £64 for admission to the field. The success of the show was, in part, due to the work of the new Secretary – Mrs. Pat Sayer. The Lucy Millbank Cup for the W.I. co-operative class was retained by Fyfield. The Dog Show was again a popular feature and the entries totalled 131.

At the 1972 Annual Meeting, the Treasurer – Mr. T. W. Withers stated that the year showed a profit of £76.88. The new Secretary, Mrs. Pat Sayer attended for the first time in her official capacity. Major Whalley's resignation as Chairman was regretted by all those present. Mrs. Jane S. Roberts was elected as the Chairman.

The 20th Annual Show was held on Home Field (by kind permission of Mr. Philip Millbank) on August 11th, 1973. There were over 750 entries and over 1,000 visitors attended. The Lucy Millbank Cup was won by the Ongar W.I. The afternoon, as usual, was a great success.

In December 1973, it was announced that the Secretary (Mrs. Sayer) had resigned and Miss Judith Staines had consented to fill the position.

PURCHASE OF THE TITLES OF THE LORDSHIPS

by H. M. Scott, Esq.

THE MANORS are incorporeal hereditaments — i.e. the titles exist without being attached
to any particular land. The deeds are kept in the safe keeping of the Essex County
Archivist — except my own personal details of the Conveyance of the Titles which are in
the custody of the National Westminster Bank Ltd., London, N.W.2.

At the time of the conveyance — 29/7/65 — various documents were provided
to prove ownership and these included:— Abstract of Title of Sir Thomas Cospatric
Spencer-Smith, Baronet 23-9-1904; various extracts of the Will of Sir Charles Cunliffe
Smith, Baronet, who died 31/7/1905, as well as a Statutory declaration made by Wm. C.
Green (Bailiff of Suttons Estate). The Titles were conveyed by Suttons (Stapleford) Ltd.
The Solicitors acting for the Vendors were Messrs. Theodore Goddard & Co., and for
H. M. Scott — Messrs. W. R. Bennett, Emanuel & Co.

All records of the Manors were checked by the well-known expert on Manorial matters —
Mr. John L. Beaumont of Coggeshall, Essex, and the change of title formally registered
with the Historical Manuscripts Commission and the Essex County Archivist.

Documents pertaining to the Manors of Stanford Rivers and Traceys and Bellhouse

These are lodged by the previous owners with the Essex County Archivist at the Essex
Records Office, Chelmsford.

Stanford Rivers

Court Rolls	12 x D/DP.M1127-39	1566-1773
Drafts	1 x M1140	1560-1600
Rentals	5 x M1145-7	1678-1774
Perambulation	1 x M1141	C1770

Stanford Rivers & Bellhouse & Traceys

(A) (1) Court Roll	1 x M1126	1535-1540
(2) ”		1587-1590

Stanford Rivers & Traceys

(B) Court Roll

1 x M1130

1659-1663

Stanford Rivers & Traceys & Bellhouse

(C) Court Book

1 x D/DTcM3

1827-1923

The above remain the property of the person or persons who lodged them with the
Record Office — but the Lord of the Manor has the right to inspect and take copies. The
two listed above (reference ‘A’ and ‘B’) were deposited by The Right Hon. Lord Petre.
Lord Petre has expressed his wish that he would not care to have these documents
separated from his family Archives. In the case of Court Book (C) this consideration
of sanctity does not apply. It could be isolated from the others and if required
Messrs. Trotter, Sons & Chapman could be contacted with this end in view.

Documents appertaining to the Manors held and inspected 26/1/67 at the Public Record Office, London

Index of Court Rolls. Ref. C26. Vol. VI(P)
The Duchy of Lancaster — Page 117.

1. Ref. S.C.2. 123/1859.
   Book of Reliefs and Fines Paid
   (Stanford Rivers)
2. Ref. S.C.2. No. 125/1867.
   Book of Ingress Fines and Quit Rents
   (Stanford Rivers).
3. Ref. S.C.2. No. 116/1762.
   Court. Stanford Rivers. Date 1534-5
4. Ref. S.C.2. No. 214/36.
   Tenants of Stanford Rivers
   26 Henry VIII.
5. Ref. S.C. 2. 173/81.
   One membrane 26 Henry VIII.
   The Court of Lady Mary Carey
   (Widow), dated 1534-5.

List of Rentals & Surveys
Ref. DL43—Bundle No. 3. No. 25
(7 Manuscripts)

“Detailed Rentals of Stanford and Trases”
dated 9th Year of James 1st (i.e. 1612)

“TRASES” by Thomas Elliott, Esq,
The Bayliff.

To:—George Goodwinne of Toothill Crofte — Land.
Thomas Tayleford — Land.
John Finche — Land.
Jeremie Aylett — Tenement and Garden.
Edmund Furley — Tenement and Garden.
Richard Marshall — Cottage and ½ acre.

“STANDFORD RIVERS”

Sir Wm. Aylott, Knt. — Land.
Sir Robert Charles, Knt. — Land.
John Attwood — Land.
John Greene — Land.
Herold (?) Greene — Tenement.
Thomas Greene — Meadows.

List of Documents held at Essex Record Office, Chelmsford, at at September 1967

(inspected by me)

Ref. D/DP M

M1126	Court Roll (Traceys)	1535-7 1587-90
1127	St. Rivers	1560-1600
1128	S.R., Traceys & Bellhouse	1606-1623
1129	S.R., Traceys (& Berwicks)	1625-1659
1130	S.R., T & Bell.	1665-1686
1132	” ” ”	1688-1709
1133	” ” ”	1710-1741
1134	” ” ”	1733-1737
1135	” ” ”	1744-1755
1136	” ” ”	1755-1759
1137	” ” ”	1761-1762
1138	” ” ”	1766
1139	” ” ”	1771-1773
1140	Court Papers, Minutes, Verdicts, Surrenders, Original presentments, Petition of poor Blacksmith to Queen for land to build forge and consequent grant, bearing autograph of Eliza. I 1576	1576-1615
1141	Court Papers, including Draft of case for Counsels opinion on Lord of Manor’s fishing rights under original conveyance of Manor to Petre family and notes of evidence of local inhabitants in dispute over bounds and waste of Manor	1770
1142	Court Papers	1707-1790
1143	Abstract of Court Rolls	1560, 1600 & 1622
1144/1	Minute Book	1766
1144/2	” ”	1770
1145	Rental, giving names of Tenants and properties and acreages	1678
1146	ditto	1714
1147	Court Papers, including Rentals 1768-1772, giving names of Tenants, occupiers, and properties and brief perambulation of S. Rivers stating that Parish and Manor as coterminous	1762-1774
1148	Receipt for Crown (Duchy of Lancaster) Rent Stanford Rivers	1623-1626

Further list of Manorial Documents inspected by me at the Record Office, Chelmsford, in October, 1967

No. D/DP.T.167/1
Grant of Annuity of £16 to Pocock and wife by Sir Thomas Elliott of Stanford
Rivers in the reign of King James I.— dated 26/6/1617.

D/DP.167/2.
Indenture given by Sir Thomas Elliott to Thomas Swift and Thomas Byrd,
dated 3/2/1617.

D/DP.T/167/3.
Indenture given by Sir Wm. Petre to Alice Caldwell of London.
dated 9/3/1656.

D/DP.T.167/4.
Settlement of Stanford Hall to Mr. John Dawlin for £1,000. 4/12/1661
(In the Reign of King Charles II by Wm. Petre (also jointly to Mr. Charles Clifford—or Wilford.)
Also copy of above under Ref. D/DPT.167/5.

D/DPT.167/8.
Release of Stanford Hall by Wm. Petre and John Petre. 4/12/1674.

D/DPT.167/9.
Indenture of Stanford Rivers to William Brent. 13/2/1677.

D/DPT.167/10.
Receipt given by Wm. Brent Esquire 1667.

Ref. D/DPT/167/11.
Receipt for £100 by John Petre for Samuel Lindo (or Hinde) of London.
1667.

D/DPT/167/12.
Receipt dated 15/2/1677 by Wm. Petre of Stanford Rivers of £1,000 of lawful
money of England from Samuel Lindo (or Hinde) of London.

D/DPT/167/13.
Release to Sir John Bennett dated 19/5/1681. (In reign of King Charles II).

D/DPT/167/14.
Receipt dated 19/5/1681 by Mr. Lindo (or Hinde) for £2,480 from Sir John Bennett.

D/DPT/167/15.
Receipt signed by Wm. Petre to Sir John Bennett for £502—dated 19/5/1681.

D/DPT/167/16.
Mortgage dated 23/12/1624 (In reign of King James I) between Arnold Squib
of the Parish of St. Andrews, Holborn, Christopher Cuiss of the Parish of St.
Martin in the Fields—and William Petre of Stanford Rivers, and the Right Honourable,
John, Baron of Ossulton in the County of Middlesex.

D/DPT/167/17.
Receipt by Wm. Petre of Stanford Rivers to the Rt. Honourable, John, Lord
Ossulton for £2,500.

D/DPT/167/18.
Duplicate of above.

D/DPT/167/21.
Wm. Petre to Mr. Jacob Houblon.
Security for £300 dated 20/9/1723.

D/DPT/167/23.
Agreement for lease of Pasture land, etc.

D/DPT/167/24.
ditto.

D/DPT/167/19.
ditto.

D/DPT/167/20.
ditto.

D/DPT/167/22.
Conveyance and Settlement of the Bellhouse Estate by Wm. Petre to Thomas
Bramston Esquire and others dated 19/9/1743.

(In reign of George II (Thomas Bramston of Skroons (?) Essex, and Francis Risdon).

D/DTc/M3

Book—dated August 1827 and onwards to 1923. The General Court Baron and
Customary Court of Judith Smith (Spinster)—Lady of the Manors of Stanford Rivers and Bellhouse.

Extracts:—Note of Lease to John Corder of a parcel of waste land on N.W.
side of road from the Green Man Inn at Toot Hill to the Church.

Tenants and Residents mentioned include—John Mayes, John Radley,
Sarah Bayley, Wm. Noake, John Knight, Rbt. Nightingale, Stephen Jones,
Henry Mott, Peter Brewster, Rev. Edward Dowdeswell (Rector) and
James Windus (Steward) 1830.

Court of 12/1/1833.
William Phillips (Farmer), John Lewis of Bobbingworth, Jonathon Stokes of
Stanford Rivers (Farmer), Timothy Phillips of Littlebury Farm and Joseph Clark
of Navestock (James Windus—Steward).

The Lord of the Manors of Stanford Rivers and Bellhouse 10/10/1889.
Sir Charles Cunliffe Smith of Suttons.

Mention of names:
Henry Ralph Kynaston and Kynaston Price and of meadow land known as
Hallingford Hose, Baynes, Tymonds, Hallingford Mead—and Littlebury Windmill.

Court Rolls.—15/3/1904.

Mary Nicholass, Samuel Flanders, Michael Connoly, Ellen Low, wife
of Robert William Low of Stanford House.

(Steward—Raymond D. Trotter).

Court Roll—17/9/1905.

Mary Lewis, Thomas Agg, Laura Wright, Mrs. Ridgwell, Mrs. Burling
and G. Monk of Brook Cottages.

Court Roll—1/9/1920.

Charlotte Jane Godson of 30, King Henrys Road, Hampstead (Widow)
a Copyhold Tenant of this Manor, in consideration of the sum of £300
paid by Henry Wm. Millbank of Wealds Farm, Toot Hill sublet a
Tenement with 7 acres of arable land and 2 acres of meadow, also
Longfield and Browns (both Parcels of land)—also Burrows.

The last Entry of Court Book—dated 26/6/1923 shows that Francis
Currey and Wm. Chisenhale-Marsh surrendered Colliers Hatch Farm to
the Lord of the Manor for the sum of £50.

Other sundry Manorial Documents are D/DPF/257—263 and D/DPF/256 (1—13)
including the Marriage Settlement of Wm. Petre dated 6/4/1722.

Further Deeds kept at The Essex Record Office, include:

D/DSd.T.15-19 (No. 81) 1693-1822.

The Manors of Stanford Rivers, Traceys, Bellhouse, alias Bellows, Manor and Farm
of Stanford Hall, Mansion house with adjoining farms called Bellhouse, Morrells,
Hollingfords, Steels, Gibbs and Gays, with abstracts of title.
Sale particulars with Map (1814), conveyance of part of Glebe lands 1804.

D/DSd.T.20

Fee Farm rent issuing out of Manors and farms of Stanford Hall, Traceys,
Bridges, etc., with abstract of title from 1672 and correspondence 1826 (No. 5).

D/DSd.T.21

Freemans Farm at Toot Hill with marginal map in Deed of 1827 (messuages
called Dawes, Dowsetts, Smythes, Macers and house where Blacks (alias Blakes)
formerly stood, cottage called Rolls, four cottages called Groves (alias Clarkes)
with messuage and windmill at Toot Hill and several cottages at Little End,
Will of John Corder, Cornfactor. (No. 32 1750-1827).

D/DSd.T.22

Cottage called Rolls at Toot Hill, formerly copyhold of Manor of Stanford
Rivers, Traceys and Bellhouse (No. 15).

D/DSd.T.23

Messuages called Blacks (alias Blakes), Dowsetts, Seaselands, Appletons, Smyths
and Cesslands. Messuage called Macers copyhold of the Manor of Stanford
Rivers. Sale particulars of Blakes 1848. Deed of 1827 has marginal map of
Blakes, Dowsetts, Smyths, Macers and Appletons. 1651, 1774-1848 (No. 39).

D/DSd.T.24

Farm called Cesslands and closes called Seaselands 1657-1823 (No. 21).

D/DSd.T.25

Farms called Stewards, Colliers Hatch, etc. 1718-1793 (No. 15).

D/DSd.T.26

Freehold lands called Millers Meads (alias Mill House Mead), Mow Croft and
Nicholls lands, Makyns Garden, copyhold of the Manor of Stanford Rivers.
1749-1862 (No. 52).

D/DSd.T.57

Messuage called Sherlocks (alias Lucks), part Freehold and part copyhold,
Inventory of stock and household goods - 1615. Copy of Deed of 1513 mentions
lane called Lovelles and messuage called Water Pygges, near “Hatherstreete”.
1513, 1607-1843. (No. 71).

D/DSd.T.28.

Two cottages, copyhold of Manor of Stanford Rivers, with Sale particulars
1853. 1808—1853 (No. 8).

D/DSd.T.29.

Mitchells Farm—1794 (No. 1).

D/DSd.T.30.

Part of West Mead—1804 (No. 2).

D/DSd.F.3.

Accounts and receipts for work done at Bellhouse.

Solicitors A/C. with Miss Judith Smith upon purchase of estate of Bellhouse,
particulars of the estate, copy of quit-rents received (1817—1820) of the
Manors of Stanford Rivers, Traceys and Bellhouse.

(Gives Tenants names only).
1 Bundle—1820—1823.

Sundry Documents at Chelmsford Record Office

D/P.140.

Registrar of Baptisms, Births and Marriages 1538—1599. Transcript on paper
made 1583. Copy on Parchment in 1599—used as “Parish Book”. Includes
Churchwardens’ Accounts 1601—1664. Summarised Parish Accounts 1670—1674.
Apportionment of liability for repairs to Churchyard for 1624. Form of Certificate
to be given to a Vagrant C. 1598. Note of dispute over boundary with Greensted
1598. Notes of Charitable gifts and other distributions 1584—1724. Baptisms,
Births and Marriages 1558—1744, Baptisms and Births 1775—1802, Marriages
1754—1775. Baptisms and Births 1803—1812, Marriages 1776—1812.

(Transcript of above T/R67).

Churchwardens A/cs.
Rates 1853-1865 (2 Vols.).
Bills 1809-1878.
Estimates for repairs to Church 1854/5.

Vestry Minutes 1724-1839. 4 Vols.

Overseers Accounts 1807-9, 1828, 1826, 1848-1884. (6 Vols.).

Miscellaneous. Coal Club A/c’s.
1865-1876.

As well as the above documents, various Pamphlets, Letters, Sale Notices and
Biographies which can be inspected at Chelmsford include:—

“The Churches of Stanford Rivers” by J. H. Round; “St. Margarets Church”
by R. C. Earle; “Sermons preached to Parishioners in Stanford Rivers 1677”
by R. Gibbs. Mr. P. F. R. Sparrow — Letter to the Bishop of Rochester, with
correspondence between himself and the Rector of Stanford Rivers (Rev. H. Tattam)
on his receiving notice to quit his Curacy in 1858.

Sale Catalogues:
1) Bellhouse Mansion and Manor of Bellhouse, Traceys, etc., 1814.
2) Blakes Farm 1848.
3) Little Colemans 1924.
5) New House Farm 1859.

Biographies: The Bull Family, C. Gibbs, R. Mainwaring, R. Montague,
Wm. Petre (died 1699), H. Tattam, I. Taylor, and R. Vaughan.

Maps

A number of old maps show the village — including Ogilby & Morgan 1678,
Joannes Blaeu 1645, Chapman & Andre 1777, John Norden 1594.

THE HISTORY OF THE MANORS

Lords of the Manors

Former Residents of the Manors

The Story of the Manors of Stanford Rivers, Traceys, Bellhouse, including the former sub-Manors of Littlebury, Berwicks, Stanford Park etc

THIS STORY, covering as it does a number of interwoven estates with different owners during the same periods may be found most confusing to my readers. It will be seen that although the area now consists of only three Manors, in earlier years certain estates within these were important enough to be treated as Manors and their owners or tenants were entitled to be “lords”. With this in mind I propose to deal firstly with the Manor of Stanford Rivers and later revert back to the others. This may lead to some repetition and I intend to be as brief as possible. A complete and serious history can be studied by consulting The Victoria History of the County of Essex (Vol IV) which will be found in all large Public Libraries.

STANFORD — probably so named from a stone ford over the River Roding. It is known that the Romans raised pavements on many rivers in Britain in order to make shallow crossings and thus save bridge building. Little is known regarding pre-Conquest times but the “Essex Review” (Vol 13) dated 1904 mentions a local field, “Danesfield”, and the tradition of a battle thereabouts suggesting the presence of the Danes.

In 1042, during the time of Edward the Confessor, the main Manor (9 Hides) was held by Lewin; Aluric and Brictwin held 20 acres and another free man held 40 acres.

LITTLE STANFORD (1 Hide and 80 acres) was held by Ingelric the Priest and the father of Aluric. This area can possibly be identified with the later sub-Manor of Littlebury.

In 1066 all the estates were held by Earl Eustace of Boulogne — Lord of Angre (Ongar) who was the brother-in-law of King Edward and they were then valued at £24. In 1086 the value had increased to £40. The Domesday distinguishes between Great and Little Stanford but this distinction later disappeared. The Earl’s grand-daughter, Maud married King Stephen (formerly Stephen Blois) and thus the estates passed into Royal hands. The King’s son, William, Earl of Montaigne and Surrey granted the estates in 1156 to Richard de Lucy (together with Ongar etc.) for services rendered at the battle of Falaise against the Duke of Anjou. The ownership continued in the de Lucy family and finally descended to Maud de Lucy who was given in marriage by King John in 1213 to Richard de Riparis (Rivers). Maud de Rivers died in 1243. During the ownership of the de Rivers family the estates were split and granted to various families. Here the confusion commences! Although the de Rivers family held the Manors until early in the 14th century, various portions were leased for given periods. In 1300 John de Rivers leased the Manor of “Stanford without the park” to Fulk of St. Edmunds and his son and on the same date he granted the Manor of Stanford Park to Humphrey de Walden for life. After this Stanford Park became known as Ongar Park. The Manor of Stanford Rivers was granted by John de Rivers in 1308 to Richer de Refham, citizen and alderman of London “to hold for life and two years after life”. In 1309 this grant was converted into a “tenancy in fee”. In 1313 de Refham granted it to his son, John, who, in 1314 granted it to John de Gras and Pauline, his wife. In 1334 John, son of John de Rivers released all his rights in the Manor to Pauline, widow of John de Gras. In 1348 Pauline de Gras granted it to Ralph, Baron (later Earl of) Stafford.

On the death in 1460, of Humphrey Stafford 1st Duke of Buckingham, the Manor passed to the Duke’s 3rd son John, Earl of Wiltshire who died in 1473. On his widow’s death the Manor passed to Edward Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire and on his death in 1499 to Edward Stafford, third Duke of Buckingham.

After the Duke’s execution and attainder the estates passed to the Crown. In 1524 King Henry VIII granted them to Wm. Carey and his wife Mary—née Boleyn, (please see “The Carey family” for other interesting details). Records show that Mary Carey held a Manorial Court in 1534, but later the Manor reverted to the Crown and it was controlled by Crown Stewards from 1544-1547.

In 1548 the Manor(s) were given to Princess (later Queen) Mary. In 1557 the main Manor was annexed by Letters Patent to the Duchy of Lancaster and remained in the Duchy’s hands until 1613 when James I sold it to Richard Cartwright and Thomas Cowley of London. A fee-farm rent was apparently retained by the Crown. In 1614 Cartwright and Cowley conveyed the Manor to Henry Spiller and Alexander Williams, who in 1619 sold it to Sir Thomas Elliott Kt. In 1623 Sir Thomas sold to Wm. 2nd Baron Petre. In 1628 Baron Petre settled the estate on his 3rd son, William as a jointure for his daughter-in-law Lucy. At this time the Petre family acquired all the Manors and sub-Manors in the area, except Littlebury, and the Stanford Rivers branch of the family made the Mansion of Bellhouse their home. The estate then comprised of 1600 acres. In 1645 Parliament granted the Estates to the Earl of Essex due to Wm. Petre’s adherence to Charles I, (Essex died 1646). Wm. Petre, however, continued to live at Bellhouse and use a portion of the estate—the rest was administered by a member of the committee formed to run the estates of delinquents. In 1653 Wm. Petre regained possession of the whole property. It appears that he never lost the control of the Manor Court, as the Court Rolls of 1647—1660 show him as Lord of the Manor. He died in 1677 and was succeeded by his son William (See Notes on Petre family). William Petre II succeeded to the Manor and died in 1686 and the estates descended to his son, William (III). In 1727 the administration of Stanford Rivers was handed over to his kinsman, Robert (Baron Petre) who died in 1742. William Petre died in 1745 and his nephew John became his heir.

In 1747 a Receiver was appointed in Chancery to administer the estate but apparently John Petre assumed control in 1748 and remained so until his death in 1762. From that year until 1775 the estate was administered by a Steward for John Tempest, the Executor of John Petre’s Will. During this period the whole estate was leased to various farmers and smallholders. In 1775 it was conveyed to Lord Petre as guardian of his second son, The Hon. George William Petre. In 1791/3 it was encumbered to the extent of £9,750, plus substantial other mortgages. In 1796 part of the estate was sold to Charles Smith of Suttons in Stapleford Tawny for £7,650 and in 1797 George Wm. Petre died leaving the remainder to his son, George. In 1819 George Petre sold all his property within the Manor to Judith Smith (formerly of Stratford, Essex) for £25,280. Judith Smith was Lady of the Manor until 1830, when the Lordship (and the estate) passed to her nephew, Sir Charles Joshua Smith, Bart. (Son of the above mentioned Charles Smith). On his death in 1831 the 1350 acre estate passed to Augusta Smith and in 1838 to Sir Charles Cunliffe Smith, Bart.—the grandson of the original purchaser. From that date it descended with the Baronetcy until 1955 when on the death of the 6th Baronet, Sir Thomas Cospatric Smith, it was administered by his executors and the various farms were sold by them and the Estate finally broken up. In 1965 the incorporeal titles of the three manors of Stanford Rivers, Traceys and Bellhouse were disposed of to Harold Montague Scott, Esq., of London. Although this ends the story of the landed owners of the Manors, reference to the list of Lords of the Manors—given later—and to the details of the lives and background of some of the most important ones will be found of great interest.

THE MANOR OF TRACEYS

TRACEYS was so named from a family of that name. Although I am giving below certain details of its history, it must be remembered that—as with Bellhouse, Littlebury, Berwicks its story is from time to time interwoven with that of the paramount Manor of Stanford Rivers. In 1268 John de Tracey and Margery, his wife, conveyed land at Stanford Rivers to William de Tracey at a nominal rent. The tenement was held of the Earl of Stafford by service of a pair of Spurs of the value of 6d and an annual rental of 1lb. of pepper. In 1315 Hugh de Tracey and his sister Agnes conveyed to Margery (probably their widowed mother), one messuage, one carucate of land, 25 acres of meadow, 50 acres of wood, 40 acres of pasture and 50/- rent. In 1325 a settlement was made on Margery de Tracey of the lands with 14 cows and 14 heifers—with Remainder to Thomas de Tracey and his wife, Mabel and to Thomas’s heirs. By 1335 both Thomas and Mabel had died leaving a young son, James. Until James came of age in 1348, Edward III granted the custody of the land to Mabel Fitzwaryn, a damsel of Queen Phillipa.

It seems that James de Tracey died in the “Black Death” (1347—1350) and the property went to his kinsman, Hugh de Tracey and later to John de Rivers and some years later to the Stafford family. In 1372, the Manor, with 240 acres of arable, 20 acres of meadow and 64 acres of wood was held by Sir Hugh Stafford. In 1412 it appears to have been leased to Nicholas Bradshagh (see “Stanford Hall”) and to have been valued at £20. In 1415 Sir Hugh, jointly with his wife Elizabeth demised to John Tyrell and others. In 1420 the Manor was held by Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham who was slain at the Battle of Northampton.

Although, as with the other “sub-manors”, Traceys has, since the middle of the 14th century, followed the same ownership as Stanford Rivers, it has had different tenants from time to time. In 1543 a 21 year lease was granted to Richard Elliott (see “Berwick”) at £15 per annum. The Elliotts farmed Traceys for a number of years and we find documents in The Public Record Office (London) showing Thomas Elliott as “Bayliff of Trases” in 1612. In 1738 and in 1768 records show that the Petre family leased to John Shuttleworth for £156 per annum (£42 Land Tax and £10 for repairs was deducted). In 1839 Hale’s Survey of Stanford Rivers stated “Traceys Farm—belonging to Sir Charles Cunliffe Smith, Baronet—in the occupation of Mr. John Palmer. This farm is situate on the northern side of the London Road and to the west of Murrells Farm and is otherwise surrounded by woodlands of the same proprietor. House, and garden 1 acre. Farm buildings, orchard Traceys Mead, Gays wood, Cottage and garden, Gravel pit field, Old House field, Hoppit, etc., 163 acres”. The Tithe award 1842 shows John Palmer as tenant farmer of 162 acres.

Others who have farmed here during the last century include—Thomas Carter 1878, Arthur Hadcock 1886, Thomas W. Duff 1890, John S. Freeman, Jnr., (also “Lawns”) the Land Steward to Sir Charles C. Smith 1890—1928. Mr. James Anthony Green took over the house in 1928 and farmed the land alone until 1969 when he was joined in partnership by his son, Mr. William James Green.

Note: For full details of the present house and up-to-date information see under “The Houses of the Manors”.

THE MANOR OF BELLHOUSE

The story of this Manor really does not need to be set out in full here as it is really already told in that of Stanford Rivers and also by the section covering the former Mansion of Bellhouse. The Mansion being the home of the Stanford Rivers branch of the Petre family further information will also be found under the heading “The Petre family”. As with Traceys, the Manor still officially exists and is legally included in my Title. The land is now mainly incorporated in that of “Murrells”.

THE FORMER MANOR OF BERWICK

(alias “Barwicks”, or “Berewick”)

Since the 15th century this former Manor has been absorbed into, and followed the descent of, that of Stanford Rivers. Its history can be read in my section dealing with Berwick Farmhouse.

THE former MANOR of LITTLEBURY

The main history of this small manor will be found in my story of Littlebury (see “The Houses of the Manor”) and I therefore do not intend to repeat same here, but will merely mention a few interesting details which have come to light since I wrote the story of the house.

In 1767 a dispute arose between John Tempest (the acting Lord of the Capital Manor) and Timothy Graves of Littlebury (Grave’s wife was the daughter of Mrs. Bull).* The dispute concerned certain manorial rights claimed by Graves. The outcome of this dispute is not clear but Graves continued to deny that Littlebury was part of the Manor of Stanford Rivers and a few years later when Lord Petre was administering the Bellhouse estate, there was another quarrel over fishing rights, in the course of which Graves pushed one of Lord Petre’s servants into the River Roding. The legal right of this small estate to claim to the name of Manor seems to have been discontinued about this time.

* See list of Lords of the Manors.

---

THE LORDS OF THE MANORS

Note. In spite of much research, this list cannot be considered 100% reliable — a few names may be included of major tenants of the Lord of the Capital Manor and who may, or may not, have been legally entitled to hold Courts.

The dates given are approximate only — in the early centuries. It begins with the names of lords of the Capital Manor and is followed by the names of those of the “sub-manors” — here again the accuracy is unfortunately suspect.

1042	Lewin, Brictwin, and Aluric. Ingelric the priest (possibly of Littlebury).
1066	Eustace, Earl of Boulogne.
1130	Maud (grand-daughter of Eustace and married to Stephen Blois (King Stephen of England).
1140	Wm., Earl of Mortaigne and Surrey (Son of King Stephen).
1156	Richard de Lucy.
1179	Richard de Lucy — (nephew of above).
1182	Herbert de Lucy.
1213	Maud de Lucy (died 1243). Richard de Riparis (Rivers) — husband of Maud de Lucy.
1249	John de Rivers (created Lord Rivers of Ongar). In 1298 John de Rivers leased the “Manor of Stanford without the Park” to Fulk of St. Edmunds and his son and Stanford Park (later Ongar Park) was leased to Humphrey de Walden.
1300	John de Rivers (2nd Baron).
1308	(By lease) Richer de Refham (Manor of Stanford Rivers) (Alderman of London).
1313	(By lease) John de Refham.
1314	(By lease) John de Gras (and his wife Pauline).
1334	John de Rivers released all to Sir John de Gras.
1348	Lady Pauline de Gras.
1348	Ralph, Baron Stafford (later 1st Earl).
1373	Sir Hugh Stafford (part demised to John Tyrell).
1421	Lady Elizabeth Stafford (widow of Sir Hugh).
1422	Sir Nicholas Robessart and Lady Elizabeth (see above).
1433	Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham.
1460	John Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire.
1473	Constance, Countess of Wiltshire.
1475	Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire.
1499	Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham.
1520	Thomas Brynning (Bellhouse).
1521	The Crown — under Henry VIII.
1524	Wm. Carey (and Mary his wife) (granted by Henry VIII).
1528	Mary Carey (sister of Ann Boleyn) and Richard Turbervyle (Bellhouse).
1536	The Crown.
1544—1547	Stewards of the Crown.
1548	Princess (later Queen Mary).
1557—1613	The Duchy of Lancaster.
1613	James I sold to Richard Cartwright and Thomas Cowley.
1614	Henry Spiller and Alexander Williams.
1619	Sir Thomas Elliott, Kt.
1623	William, 2nd Baron Petre.
1628	William Petre (son of above) — all Manors except Littlebury).
1645	The Crown — temporarily granted to the Earl of Essex.
1647	Wm. Petre name quoted in Court Rolls as Lord of Manor.
1653	Wm. Petre regained full control.
1677	Wm. Petre II.
1686	Wm. Petre III.
1727	Administered by Robert, Baron Petre on behalf of Wm. Petre IV.
1734	Wm. Petre IV.
1745	John Petre (died 1762).
1762—1775	Administered by steward of John Tempest, the executor of John Petre’s will.
1775	9th Baron (Robert) Petre as Guardian of the Hon. George William Petre (the Baron’s son).
1797	George Petre (II).
1819	Judith Smith.
1830	Sir Charles Joshua Smith, 2nd Baronet.
1838	Sir Charles Cunliffe Smith, 3rd Bart.
1905	Sir Drummond Cunliffe Smith (4th Bart.).
1947	Sir Drummond Cospatric Smith (5th Bart.).
1955	Sir Thomas Cospatric Smith (6th Bt.).
1959—1965	Administered by the Executors of above.
1965	Harold Montague Scott. (of London).

The Lords of Bellhouse (see Stanford Rivers).
The Lords of Berwick (see Berwick Farmhouse).

Littlebury and Rowenho

1260—1355	Robert de Montenay and his descendants.
1355	Richard de Salynge.
1398	Richard Salynge (II).
1405	Mrs. John Bromhale (widow of R. Salynge II).
1500—1600	The Salynge family.
1600—1729	The Atwood family.
1729	Mrs. Bull.
1767	John Tempest — acting as Executor of John Petre. At this period Littlebury lost its status as a separate Manor.

The Lords of the Manor of Traceys

1066	Eustace, Earl of Boulogne.
1268	Approx. John de Tracey held of Earl of Stafford.
1268	Wm. de Tracey.
1315	Hugh de Tracey. Margery de Tracey.
1325	Thomas de Tracey.
1335	James de Tracey (a Minor) — Edward III granted temporary custody of land to Mabel Fitzwaryn.
1350	Hugh de Tracey (Tenant of Ralph, Earl of Stafford).
1372	Sir Hugh Stafford.
1412	Leased to Nicholas Bradsagh (see Stanford Hall).
1415	John Tyrell (Tenant).
1420	Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham — and thereafter as per Stanford Rivers.

Former residents in the Manors

The names below are some of those who lived here during the 17th and 18th centuries and whose Wills can be seen at the Essex Record Office. Please note, however, that the inclusion of any of the names which follow does not mean that they are not specifically mentioned elsewhere in this Work.

Richard Atterbury — Edge Tool Smith	1681
Margaret Ballard	1639
Richard Ballard — Yeoman	1651
Wm. Barrows	1628
John Bines — Husbandman	1662
Wm. Byrd — Yeoman	1631
Mary Carter	1713
George Carter — Yeoman	1631
Lawrence Clarke — Yeoman	1663
Thomas Clarke — Yeoman	1682
Anthony Convers	1623
Robert Dent — Gentleman	1706
Reynold Elkins — Carpenter	1626
Mary Finch — Widow	1664
Richard Finch — Yeoman	1627
Thomas Finch — Yeoman	1670
Matthew Glasscock — Yeoman	1627
Richard Glasscock	1624
Thomas Glasscock — Yeoman	1677
George Holgate — Yeoman	1632
Wm. Lake — Gentleman	1646
John Mann — Gentleman	1660
John Myles	1684
Anne Petre — Widow (149 ER 25)	1688
Anne Petre — Widow (117 ER 26)	1692
Thomas Pierce — Weaver	1647
Matthew Playle — Yeoman	1705
Samuel Playle — Yeoman	1712
Wm. Steel — Bricklayer	1686
John Stace — Whip Maker	1677
John Traps — Miller	1691
Thomas Tuke — Gentleman	1645
Thomas Valentyne — Butcher	1673
Richard Westwood — Poulterer	1633
Richard Westwood — Yeoman	1679

Some Former Residents during the 19th and 20th Centuries

1830   A list of Freeholders who had the right to vote included:— E. Dowdeswell, D.D. (Rector); Charles Dallady, John Ging, Stephen Jones, Edward Luck, Wm. Noak, Thomas Nicholls, John Ray, Edward Rayner, Jonathan Stokes, John Stallibrass, Isaac Taylor, Wm. West, and Wm. Wilson.

Various Directories such as Pigots, Wm. White’s, and Kelly’s, have yielded the following:—

1832   Isaac Taylor — Gentleman; Edward Sammes — Grocer and Carpenter.

1845   Thomas H. Sadler — Miller.

1848   Thomas Oldham (Berwicks), J. Palmer (Traceys), Henry Pavitt, Matthew Playle, Smith and Rayner, John Stallibrass (Ongar Park), Jonathan Stokes, Rev. R. Waller, Isaac Ward, Mary Waterhouse, Edward Garrett and James Sharp (Shoemakers), Michael Connolly and George Vale (Shopkeepers), Charles Carter (Butcher), John Halls (Cornmiller), John Mott (Carpenter), Wm. Mott (Cattle Salesman), Wm. Rayner (Bricklayer), Wm. Pavitt (Wheelwright), Henry Rudd (Blacksmith).

1855   John and Edmund Allen (Farmers), Charles and John Baker (Farmers), Mrs. Mary Baker (Farmer), John Barnard (Beer retailer and Farmer), Augustus Berkeley (Farmer), Wm. C. Clark (Farmer), John Freeman (Cattle Dealer), Mrs. Mary Jennings Farmer), John Mansfield (Farmer and Surveyor of Roads), Moore (Miller), William Wilson (Shopkeeper).

1863   Wm. White’s directory is quite comprehensive and includes many names of residents already included above, or elsewhere in various sections of this book:— Mrs. S. Baker, Mrs. Mary Barton, Thomas Carter, John Cheer, Wm. Docwra, James Fitch, John Haride, James Noakes, John Palmer, Thomas Thorogood, Mrs. C. Waters, Mrs. M. Waters (all listed as Farmers). John Mitson and Jesse Wakeling (Shopkeepers), John Redington (Cornmillers), Henry Rudd (Blacksmith), Rev. John Pound Smith (Curate), John and Wm. Stane (Carpenters), George Ives (Shoemaker).

1867   Wm. Buer (Farmer), Wm. Willson (Harness Maker).

1871   John Owers (Baker) Toot Hill.

1878   Mrs. Sarah Edwards (Shopkeeper), John Wilson (Beer retailer), Josiah Piggott (Beer retailer and Steam Threshing Machine Proprietor), Wm. Read (Shoemaker of Toot Hill), James Tucker (Hay carter).

1886   Mrs. Jane Piggott (Beer retailer of Toot Hill), William Staines (Wheelwright of Toot Hill).

1890   Wm. Berry (Shopkeeper), Joseph Brown (Blacksmith), Wm. Hutchins (Hay Carter), George Lane (Shopkeeper), Mrs. Hannah Surridge (Farmer — see Toot Hill Windmill).

1902   Joseph Downham (Boot and Shoemaker), Daniel Wright (Head Keeper to Sir Charles Smith), Alfred G. Hadley (Beer retailer), John Mumford (Farmer), Wm. Scarrott (Head Gamekeeper at Ongar Park Wood), Julian Plummer (Farmer).

1910   Wm. N. Jarvis (Surveyor to Ongar R.D.C.), A. E. Seymour (Shopkeeper), Henry Tucker (Farmer), Robert W. Tyrrell (Blacksmith), Frederick Welch (Beer retailer).

1912   Francis Moore (Holly Tree Laundry), Frank Garrett (Bootmaker).

1922   Robert Camp (Blacksmith).

1933   R. W. Heasman of Church Lane, Lewis O. Rowe (Holly Tree), Mrs. Camp (Shopkeeper), Warrington Grigg (Shopkeeper), Mrs. Susan Welch (Beer retailer), John Shepherd (Beer retailer), Messrs. Harrison and Grigg (Stanford Rivers Egg Grading Station), Wm. Woodrow (Headkeeper to Sir D. C. Smith), John Harding, Arthur Licence (Poultry farmer), F. P. K. White of Toot Hill.

1934   Frank Burton (Headkeeper to Sir D. C. Smith), Miss A. Littlefair (District Nurse), H. Woolleston (Woodman), Thomas Licence (Tomato Grower).

(For later and up-to-date list — please see local List of Electors).

LIFE IN THE VILLAGE

- Past and Present

APART FROM the history of the Manors I think it may interest present day readers, as well as future generations, if I place on record the following details which have been compiled from notes and letters received from past and present residents and newspaper cuttings, all of which I have pieced together to give a picture of life in the village.

I will try to describe the village as it might be seen by a visitor today.

Entering the south eastern boundary of the Manor from the London road (A113) we are struck by the truly rural aspect, we see a few scattered cottages, several old and lovely farmhouses and a particularly lovely view — on the right over the valley of the river Roding. On the left we pass Murrells Farm (the site of the former Mansion of Bellhouse) and enter the Little End section of the village. Here we find a mixture of old and new homes dominated by the structure of the old Ongar Union building — now the factory of Piggott Bros. Ltd. We see the one and only tiny village shop and Post Office and enter farmland once more, passing Bridge Farm on the left, and in moments we arrive at the boundary of the Manor at Marden Ash. Just before this, if we were to turn down a lane to the right, we would find the ancient manor house of the former sub-manor of Littlebury and its Mill.

Returning along the London road, we turn right (i.e. N.W.) by the site of the former Congregational Chapel, up Church Lane and pass the present Rectory (a grey brick structure) and then farmland on both sides. We soon see a rather lovely view of St. Margaret’s Church and Stanford Hall Farm ahead. Next to the isolated ancient church, we will see the delapidated Stanford Hall surrounded by farmland. The road here which leads off to the right (known as Mutton Row) is bordered on both sides by farmland and contains a few cottages — a short lane on the left leads us to the charmingly situated Brook Cottage. If we continue up Mutton Row we see the ancient Newhouse Farmhouse (on the left) and on the right, the lovely old house of Clarks Farm and finally reach the “Drill House” P.H. at the border of the Parish of Greensted. In this area the Parish and Manorial boundaries become confusing to the uninitiated, so opposite the Drill House we will turn left, passing Widows Farmhouse on the right and see — on our left — the old and lovely farmhouses of Burrows and Colemans and the ancient cottages at Clatterford End. Continuing, we will shortly notice the newly erected Village Hall and arrive at the Toot Hill section of the parish. Turning to the right here, we shortly return to farmland and, with the aid of a map, find Ongar Park which extends to the boundary of the Parish of North Weald. This area is now spoilt by unsightly Radio Masts and we can only imagine how glorious it must have been in the days when Ongar Park Hall was occupied by its fabulously wealthy owners in the 18th century. Nearby, we will find Cold Hall which shows evidence of its past glory and beauty. Returning to Toot Hill, we cannot fail to notice the farmhouses “Wealds” and “Steers” and the “Green Man” P.H. If we continue straight on we will pass Bugle Cottage, Stewarts Farmhouse and the pretty old farmhouse “Blakes” and see the site of the former Parish School which is now occupied by a gipsy encampment. We will notice the ruins of the former school drinking fountain on the edge of the road.

We should now retrace our steps towards Toot Hill and arriving at the small triangle of common land “Stewarts Cross” we turn left down Epping road — the first portion of which is fairly well populated. On the left we will see Freemans Farm and nearly opposite the old farmhouse of “Does”. Opposite Does, we turn left down a narrow lane known as “Nickerlands” and bordered by woodland which leads down to Berwick Lane and finally to the main London road at the farmhouse of “Lawns”. For the sake of brevity I have not included certain side roads, Blake Hall road and railway station, part of Berwick lane and its lovely Berwick farmhouse, etc.

Stanford Rivers, to those who do not know its past history and its present charming and interesting residents would seem to be a dull village. A passer-by might get this impression and this is due to the fact that it has no central focal point. The majority of villages are centred around a church, shop or shops, village hall, public house, and sometimes a common or playing field. Here we find a very scattered population, divided into two distinct areas and residents who must go to the nearest towns for the main shopping requirements and entertainments. (Chipping Ongar is two miles from Little End). Thanks to the untiring endeavours of a number of kindly residents, great efforts are made to entertain and occupy the spare time of the young and old. The Women’s Institute, the Horticultural Society, the Cricket Club, the Brownie Pack, and the Church are just a few which play their part. The Planning Authorities are strict, and building permission is hard to obtain, so we have every hope that the area will retain its present appearance for many years to come.

Further sundry notes — Toot Hill now has no shop, no post office, no train service after 9.30 p.m., and a very limited Omnibus Service. The nearest golf course is at Theydon Mount. Good angling is to be found on the river Roding.

There is no gas supply. Electricity was first supplied to the Parish in 1951. Parts of the area had water mains earlier in the present century, but the supplies were increased in 1949.

In August 1973, local residents complained that improvements were being made to major roads but insufficient attention was being given to the maintenance of certain minor ones. The Village can boast of one garage for petrol supplies and repairs — this is situated on the main road at Little End.

1973. The Village continues its comparatively uneventful rural life. The passing motorist sees little of interest and is naturally quite unaware of the many interesting features revealed by my story of its past. The farmers continue their valuable work — the old houses (with the exception of Stanford Hall) are well preserved and internally tastefully modernised. A few new houses and bungalows have recently been added but generally the original atmosphere still prevails.

The Rector and the leading families — the Millbanks, the Triggs, the Hinmans, the Griggs and the Pearls (to name just a few), do their best to cement the village population, both old and young, together. It is certain that the new Village Hall at Toot Hill will help to foster community life.

The telephone service came to the parish in 1926.

Brick making was carried out for many years in the area near where North Weald Station now stands and records show that the works existed in 1871.

Earlier days in the Village

So much can be gleaned from the other sections of this Work that I feel I need not elaborate too much on this subject.

The fact that a Roman road passed through Ongar Park and the recent discovery of Roman Pottery at Traceys Farm proves that there were some Roman settlers in the area.

In the Middle Ages the local occupation was mainly agriculture — the inhabitants mostly grew their own produce, publicans brewed their own beer, the blacksmith and the shoemaker had their smallholdings and naturally the clergyman had his Glebe. A certain amount of spinning was carried on. Any necessities not produced at home could easily be obtained from the nearby market at Chipping Ongar, so a shopkeeper could hardly expect to make a livelihood.

The villagers looked to the Lord of the Manor for guidance and help and were to a certain extent, dependant on his whims — although from the 11th to the 16th century, the lords of the Capital Manor do not appear to have actually resided in the Manor.

The year 1700 saw the development of dairy farming and by 1750 quite large farms, such as Burrows, with 200 acres were devoted to it.

In 1708 the average weekly wage of a farm labourer was 6/- but by 1750 this rose to 7/- and in some cases to as much as 8/-. Building workers, Carpenters and Plumbers commanded wages of 10/- to 13/- and this was sometimes augmented with a daily pint of strong beer. In the 18th century the villagers must have looked to their Lord of the Manor at his Mansion of Bellhouse for any sight of the “highlife” and in the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries, to the Smith family at nearby “Suttons”. The local “gentry” must have enlivened the village by the Hunting, Shooting and Skating activities.

Within living memory (this was written in 1970) a Village Fair was held annually on June 1st on “Sharpe’s Green” (probably Stewarts Cross”) and there were swings, roundabouts and other amusements.

A further idea of life in the Village during the early part of the present century can be gained by perusing the following extracts from the Epping Gazette, from a letter sent me by the late Mr. Edwin Bass, notes sent by Mrs. Alice Carter, Mrs. Nesta Ferguson and Mr. Harry Witham.

The Epping Gazette. 26/1/1901. “An enjoyable Hunt took place. Amongst those seen were — Sir Charles Smith, Bart., Mr. D. Smith, and Mr. Harry Sworder. Hospitality was given by Sir Charles. A March Hare was hunted near Shonks Mill and towards Stanford Rivers and over the stiff bank by the (old) Rectory. It was lost in Ice House Wood.”

“Sir Charles Smith gave his Rent Audit Dinner at the King’s Head, Ongar, on the 19th. Mr. J. Freeman occupied the Vice-Chair.”

“Major Capel Cure’s Rent Audit Dinner was held at the King’s Head, Ongar, on the 8th. Mr. J. Millbank presided.”

16/8/1902. “The Coronation celebrations took place on August 9th. At 3 p.m. a service was held in the Church. Sports took place after tea. Medals were distributed by Sir Charles and Lady Cunliffe Smith. The Committee included the Rector, Messrs. H. Millbank, Mugleston, Sawkins, Harold Thomas, and Lockyer.”

8/11/1902. “An ancient landmark was removed last week when a tree opposite the White Bear was felled. It is believed to be 400 years old, and being hollow inside, was a favourite place for use as a backing for people desirous of being photographed.”

22/11/1902. “A Concert held in the Schoolroom in aid of the new organ fund raised £4-2-6d. Mr. R. C. Hayward played the piano and songs were rendered by Mrs. D. Christy Jnr. and Mr. Van der Gucht.”

16/4/1904. “A meeting of the Cricket Club took place on 7/4/04 at Traceys Farm. Mr. J. S. Freeman presided. The Accounts showed a balance in hand of £1-5-9. Sir Charles Cunliffe Smith was elected President. Rev. Thomas and Mr. Douglas Crossman, J.P. — Vice-Presidents. Mr. H. W. Millbank and Mr. G. Sawkins — Hon. Secretaries.”

16/1/1909. “Stanford Rivers Cricket Club Concert was held on January 6th. Duet by the Misses Pledge, songs by Messrs. King, H. Thomas, Sawkins, Eady, Bingley, Pennington, Miss Browne and Mrs. Johnston. Miss Green gave amusing recitations, as did Miss Pledge and Miss Millbank. A farce was performed, “Uncle John from Yorkshire”. Parts were taken by Misses L. and E. Pledge, Mr. F. W. Murton and Mr. H. W. Millbank. Mr. R. Bingley, the Chairman, thanked all those present. The receipts gave a balance of £8.”

1/5/1909. “The Annual General Meeting of the Stanford Rivers Cricket Club was held at Wayletts. Mr. Dan Wright presided. The Hon. Secy., Mr. F. W. Murton, announced a balance of £8. Sir Drummond Cunliffe Smith, Bart., was elected President.”

In 1913 the Committee of Management of the Coal & Clothing Club consisted of Sir D. Cunliffe Smith, Bart. (Chairman), the Rev. J. I. Thomas, Messrs. C. A. Millbank, R. Waltham, H. Palmer, H. W. Millbank, and G. A. Howgate (Hon. Secy.).

The following notes were made by me during an interesting chat with an elderly resident of the parish — Mr. Harry Witham of 4 London Road, Little End. This information was given me in May 1970. Mr. Witham was born in his present home on June 27th, 1899, and had five brothers and one sister. He and one brother are the only ones now living. His brother formerly worked for Mr. Hinman, but is now in an old people’s home.

“Harry” was taught at the local school by Mr. Howgate and his education ceased when he was 13. Until 1919 he worked for Mrs. Gilbert of Marden Ash and then on the local roads for about 45 years. Since his retirement he has undertaken odd jobs for Mr. Hinman and for the Landlord of the “White Bear”. He has known what it meant to work nine hours a day for six days a week for a tiny wage and had little time to enjoy life. He stated that in his opinion, the most wonderful benefits to the Village were the introduction of running water and of main drainage. He clearly remembers the fire at Stanford Hall in September 1907 and his father helping with the manual fire pump.

Interesting extracts from a letter received from the late Mr. Edwin Bass of 65, London Road, Stanford Rivers — dated 1971.

“I was born at Clatterford End, Toot Hill on October 25th, 1898 and was one of sixteen children. My parents had lived all their lives in the Parish and are buried in the churchyard. My father worked for Mr. Christy of Stanford Hall. Our cottage was lit by candles and oil lamps — water was drawn from a well with a bucket and chain. My parents were very proud to relate that I was the first child to be christened by Rev. Thomas after he became Rector. At school I was taught by Mr. Whitehouse and then by Mr. and Mrs. Howgate. Before going to school and after school, I worked for Mr. George Pledge of Blakes Farm. After leaving school, I also worked for Mr. Crouch of Freemans Farm. I remember the fire at Stanford Hall Farm (1907). I was among the lads who helped pump the horse-drawn Fire Engine — but owing to water shortage, about 20 stacks of wheat were destroyed. As a lad I played cricket at Wayletts. Mr. Johnston help us lads in every way and was very generous.”

The following notes were kindly given me by the organist of St. Margaret’s Church — Mrs. Alice Carter — who now resides at Greensted —

“Thank God for our peaceful countryside around this area! Early in this century there was an Ambulance Station in London Road, Little End. When the wooden hut (the Village Hall) was built at Toot Hill after the 1914-1918 War, a groom from “Blakes” came there to teach us teenagers dancing. Harold Sawkins (the son of a former proprietor of the now closed Toot Hill shop — who baked gorgeous bread) was one of the dancers. The hut was also used for Fancy Dress parties, Whist Drives, etc. and also for the Sunday School. Miss Connie Underwood, the daughter of the Master of the Workhouse, played the church organ and sometimes Miss Adelaide Thomas took over. I think I became the Organist in 1958 or 1959. My daughter, Mr. Armitage and Miss Gwen Reid, also sometimes took over this duty (Miss Reid’s father at one time kept the Toot Hill Shop). I can remember an old shepherd named Turner lived in a cottage at Clatterford End. Opposite him, at No. 5a, lived Mr. Thorogood who worked at Widows Farm. We used to collect our milk from that farm every day. Coal then cost us 2/6d. per cwt. There was a lake at the rear of the “White Bear” where we used to skate. The old Rev. Thomas had a pony and trap — but he also walked miles to visit his flock. Before Messrs. Piggott used the old workhouse it was used as a Tie and Trousers-press factory by a Mr. Heasman — he lived at 115, London Road, where Mr. and Mrs. Cherry now live.

In Mutton Row — going up used to be Rocketts Cottages, now the site of two new bungalows.

I remember the windmill which, before it was destroyed by fire, stood near Clunes House in Mill Lane.”

From correspondence with the elderly Mrs. Nesta Ferguson, I have extracted the following — (Mrs. Nesta Ferguson is the widow of the late Doctor Ferguson, who lived at Bridge Farm House and whose son, John, is now Professor and Dean of the Open University).

“In 1925-1929, Stanford Rivers and Toot Hill had largely independent existences. In 1925, Stanford Rivers had nothing to bring the women together — whereas Toot Hill had its W.I. Feeling the need, we formed our own and I became the President and Mrs. Howgate the Secretary.

I remember that at that time the little village shop and post office at Little End was kept by Mr. and Mrs. Hollingsworth — a most excellent, kindly and helpful couple. When the Congregational Chapel was destroyed by fire (1927), my small son, John, was taken to our windows at Bridge House to watch the flames. Not long before the fire, I had been invited to speak at a meeting there but was unable to do so and my husband took my place. I felt some regret that I had not myself spoken from the pulpit used by Livingstone! Our son started his education at an excellent Kindergarten and Preparatory School at Marden Ash and was taught by a Mrs. Sayer and her daughter.”

---

SUNDRY CHARITIES

Thomas Petit, who died prior to 1602, left 5/- a year for the poor and for “poor folk’s marriages” to the Parishes of Stanford Rivers and Greensted. It issued from lands in Stanford Rivers. In 1834, the money had not been paid for at least 23 years. The then owner of the land expressed willingness to pay the charge, but there is no further record of the charity being carried on.

William Green by his Will of 1554, devised a rent charge of £2 to 12 poor inhabitants of the parish. In 1786 it is recorded that it had not been paid since 1739.

Mary Rayner (of Greensted) by Will — proved in 1873 — left £400 for the upkeep of her family tomb and for the provision of clothing for the most deserving poor of Stanford Rivers. Although the primary Trust was void by the rule against perpetuities, small sums were spent on the tombstone at various times. In 1950, the income was £10.1s.2d., which, together with the previous year’s balance was enough to give 27 parishioners 10/- each for clothing.

Jessie Matilda Berkeley of Mere, Wilts., by Will, proved in 1930, left £500 in trust for the upkeep of the Graveyard of St. Margaret’s Church and for the benefit of the poor, provided that her family vault was kept in good repair (this condition was made void under the rule concerning perpetuities). The income in 1950 was £50-8-4, all of which was spent on the graveyard.

‘and the bishop expressed approval’: a brief architectural history of Broomfield church to Chancellor’s restoration of 1868-71. Neil Wiffen. PCC, of St Mary with St Leonard, the Parish Church.

Forming part of the parish’s ‘People and Stone’ series of lectures and booklets local historian Neil Wiffen has produced a well-illustrated essay in the style of a lengthened Essex Journal article. Indeed, in A4 format this booklet could sit neatly on the shelf with this publication.

Neil Wiffen charts the history of the building from the Norman Conquest through to the extensive restorations by the Chelmsford and London architect Frederic Chancellor (1825-1918). The Nave and part of the Chancel date from the second half of the 11th century reusing a considerable amount of Roman brick salvaged from a nearby field named Dragon’s Foot Field. It possesses a round flint-built West Tower dated to around 1100-1125. The wall of the tower is exposed now but was plastered when Philip Morant wrote his History of Essex in 1768 and appears to have remained so until at least a century later.

The Victorian era witnessed many ‘improvements’ to ‘decayed’ churches with a keenness to build in the Gothic Revival style and extend buildings to accommodate a growing population. The population of Broomfield had grown from 467 to 851 in the fifty years to 1851 whilst the seating capacity of the church was only 290. The North Aisle was rebuilt adding a further 139 seats and, as the illustration shows, the Chancel was substantially rebuilt. It was later said, by Kenneth Dixon Box in 1973, to be one of Chancellor’s more successful restorations.

Stour Valley Railway Part 2 Through Time: Clare to Shelford & Audley End. Andy T Willis. (Amberley Publishing, 2011). ISBN 978-1-4456-0473-2. 96 pages, Illustrated. £14.99

Before the Beeching axe was wielded in the 1960s the Stour Valley railway, completed in 1865, ran from Marks Tey to Shelford and Audley End via Bartlow. This book, the second in the series, covers many locations outside the historic county of Essex. It provides a collection of comparative photographs in ‘then and now’ variety, for example showing the survival of station buildings at Saffron Walden. Ashdon Halt was no more than a platform with old railway carriage providing shelter. The decayed remains remain. The branch platform building of the branch line at Audley End is now a coffee shop, near the grand mainline station which is unaltered over the passage of time. It is a record of surviving standard design Great Eastern Railway country stations, overgrown areas (Bartlow), a Tesco building (Haverhill North) and dual carriageway (Pampisford). Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. The supporting text includes a narrative of the rolling stock employed. A one-page introduction provides historical context.

The A – Z of Curious Essex. Strange stories of mysteries, crimes and eccentrics. Paul Wreyford. The History Press. 2013. ISBN 978 0 7524 8986 5. 160 pages (illustrated). £12.99

Paul Wreyford, by his own admission, writes that that his “is unlikely to have a detrimental effect on your development of your intellect”. Whilst the book is not highly academic, it is an interesting read. Set out in alphabetical form by parish, short pieces of just a few paragraphs are each subtitled. Audley End was “Too grand for a King”; Borley has “The most haunted house in England” and Cressing’s “Mysterious knights were the order of the day”. This is a book for the magpies of Essex history. I have previously read about the Colchester earthquake, with its epicentre at Abberton; William Byrd of Stondon Massey; the Zeppelin which was brought down at Great Wigborough during the First World War; William Webb Ellis, the rector of Magdalen Laver, who introduced the sport of rugby; and smuggling at Paglesham. But there was material which was unfamiliar too. Tom Keating, the art forger is buried at Dedham, the place associated with landscape painter Constable. Harwich’s misleading lights – the low and high lighthouses – became redundant in 1863 when the river silted up. Charles Haddon Spurgeon, born at Kelvedon, preached to as many as 6000 at a time. Sandon became the Gretna Green of Essex during the first half of the seventeenth century: Revd Gilbert Dillingham was willing to marry any couple. Margaret Allingham is buried at Tolleshunt D’Arcy, a village whose physician, Dr John Henry Salter kept a diary for over 80 years from the early Victorian era. Enjoyable. This is a book which will have wide appeal.

Andrew Marr’s book ‘The Diamond Queen’ (Macmillan, 2011), a more detailed account than the recent television series, is subtitled ‘Elizabeth II and her people’. It charts the history of the monarchy from George V to the present, and includes, inevitably, a parallel political history of the nation; Churchill, an Essex MP being the Queen’s first of twelve Prime Ministers. During the First World War the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family restyled themselves as the Windsors, a rather English, if invented, name. The book refers to: “The Bishop of Chelmsford [Rt Rev John Edwin Watts-Ditchfield], an influential figure, had told [Lord] Stamfordham [the King’s private secretary] that ‘the stability of the throne would be strengthened if the Prince of Wales married an English lady … she must be intelligent and above all full of sympathy’.” The constant evolving of monarchy is a thread which Andrew Marr follows, drawing comparison with the Duke of York’s marriage to Elizabeth Bowes Lyon and Prince William to Catherine Middleton.

By Steamer to the Essex Coast. Andrew Gladwell. Amberley. 2012. ISBN 978 1 4456 0376 6. 128 pages, illustrated (with an additional 16 pages in colour). £14.99

Mention the ‘Waverley’ and the ‘Royal Daffodil’ to Essex folk of a certain age and they will wax lyrically about the golden age of the pleasure steamers which departed from Southend Pier for London or France. This book taps into this nostalgia with an illustrated history since the 1820s, highlighting the heyday of the 1920s and 1930s, through to the present day. “The evocative mix of sea air, polished brass, watching the Thames landmarks pass by, a walk along the pier and fish and chips and ice cream at Southend is still as popular as ever!” The book is illustrated with contemporary photographs, posters and postcards of London and Essex resorts. There are views aplenty of a raised Tower Bridge with steamers passing through (‘Royal Sovereign’ on pages 27 and 29; ‘Queen of The Channel’ (1963), page 31; ‘Queen of The South (1967), page 41) and of the same vessel (‘Medway Queen’, pages 84-87). The scenes of Southend, the mention of a Rossi Ice Cream, the Pier through all its fires, the Peter Pan Playground will stir the timeless memories of all Essex people and visitors.

A Short History of the Parish Church of St John the Evangelist, Moulsham, Chelmsford and its Clergy. Part 1: 1834-1937. D.R. Broad. Grosvenor House Publishing Ltd, Tolworth, Surrey. 2019. ISBN 978-1-78623-518-3. 362 pages including Index. Illustrated. £13.00 (paperback), or £9.00 from the author, if collected, 13 St Vincent’s Road, Chelmsford, CM2 9PS.

From its origins as a chapel and its first eight incumbents down to 1950, Rex Broad a local church member has produced a lively history of the people of Moulsham parish which was created to provide for the growing population of Victorian Chelmsford.

Tony Tuckwell in the Foreword describes the book as “meticulously researched”.

Set out in the Preface, the author aims to give “some idea of the development of the building, its style of worship over the years, its clergy, and, to a lesser extent, its impact on the parish of Moulsham in the period of this book”.

The chapel as built was completed in a simplified form to that originally planned. It was badly damaged in a gas explosion in 1874 and repaired. The church was enlarged with a West Tower added in 1883.

The parish was a demanding one in terms of ministry to its residents. The author wonders why Robert Travers Saulez accepted the post of Vicar in 1901, having previous in charge of the wealthy rural parish of Belchamp St Pauls: Moulsham was “a diverse and extensive parish, with its singular history of wearing out incumbents”. Saulez did not receive a warm welcome. At his first Vestry meeting George Bragg, “a self-made painter and decorator” accused him of being “a member of that illegal, law-breaking, notoriously Romanising society, the English Church Union”. The Vicar confirmed that this was so and, among the uproar reported verbatim in the press Mr Cutts said “if there was anything … distasteful to the majority of the congregation, the Vicar would give way in a moment”. In those times when the Vicar was supposedly very much in charge of the parish there were some who objected to various changes made. Mr Ripper resigned as organist following the Vicar’s appointment of Douglas Smith, a high churchman, as choirmaster. Saulez’s high church leanings, like wanting to place lit candles on the altar or changing Mattins to midday, caused quite a stir. Saulez’s proposal for an exchange the living with William James Pressey of Foxearth became a public embarrassment. He moved to a vacancy at Willingale Doe in 1906 having never found it easy to work with lay people in authority “particularly when their ideas clashed with his own; yet he was much missed by a significant proportion of the parish when he left”.

Rev. William J Pressey became Moulsham’s next Vicar reading the Thirty-Nine Articles in lieu of a Sermon at his first Service. Here was someone completely different.

Every heated argument was recorded for posterity – a gift to a modern local historian such as Rex Broad.

A footnote. Pressey’s incumbency lasted throughout the First World War; which ended when he was appointed Vicar at Margaretting in 1918. Rex Broad’s narrative provides interesting detail of these times including the fact that in 1915 “with all the movements of troops from the battlefields of the Great War to England (and vice versa) new and vigorous strains of influenza were beginning to make their mark on the population at home, and William Pressey was taken very ill early in that year”. His recuperation took many months. History teaches us a lot.

A talk given by CFD Sperling: to an unknown audience probably in the town of Sudbury, Suffolk, perhaps in 1927 in celebration of the bicentenary of the artist’s birth. The paper was found in the archives of the Essex Society for Archaeology and History now at the Essex Record Office [S/LIB/9/8/1].

The descent of Thomas Gainsborough from a worthy Sudbury family, engaged in the Cloth trade, is well known to all, and may be found, fully set out, in the various Bibliographies of the artist which have been published. But, today, I propose to consider his early environment, and to tell you something about this part of the Stour Valley in which he was nurtured and about the surrounding villages which were not without their influence upon him.

The Stour Valley and Gainsborough’s Early Environment

The country around Sudbury is eminently calculated to stimulate a love for landscape. The scenery of the Stour Valley could never fail to charm a mind formed by nature to feed on the beautiful.

Thomas Gainsborough, indeed, never quitted England, but spent his infancy, and matured his artistic education, in this country, teeming with homely rural associations, and, amidst such unambitious scenery, he found congenial food for his mind and subjects for his pencil.

The river Stour was ever dear to him and fifty years residence in other parts of the country could not alienate his affections from the river of his boyhood.

The Suffolk Cloth Trade

This southern part of the county of Suffolk is today a district of rich in cornfields, winding lanes, and beautiful churches. It is difficult to believe that these country villages were once the centre of a thriving cloth-making industry. Four hundred years ago there was scarcely a village that had not something to do with the making of broad-cloth.

In the 11th and 12th centuries little woollen-cloth was woven in England for trade purposes, though no doubt in many a home, sufficient cloth was woven for the use of the household. To supply the demand for the finished material, English Wool was exported in the raw state to Flanders, where it was worked up into cloth and sent back to be worn in this country.

By the beginning of the thirteenth century, the cloth weaving industry grew until England became a great cloth-making country exporting cloth all over the world, and the time came when the clothiers were amongst the wealthiest men of the land, owning manors and houses, and gaining knighthoods and other high distinctions.

The manufacture of Woollen Cloth had its chief centre in the eastern counties, though it was more or less diffused through the length and breadth of the country.

As early as the beginning of the fourteenth century, it is recorded in the Ipswich Domesday Book, that a duty was there payable on export of the woollen cloth of “Coggeshall, Maldon, Colchester and Sudbury” from the port of Ipswich.

The weaving industry, in this corner of Suffolk, was of native growth and not affected to any great extent by immigration of Flemish weavers. There was indeed a rapid increase of the alien population in the 15th century, but the greater number were settled on the coast, and were occupied chiefly as brewers, coopers and shoemakers. In 1486 only five Flemings were entered in the Return as settled in the cloth-making district.

Prosperity and the Rebuilding of Churches

In the fifteenth century the development of this trade was the one bright feature in the economic history of the time. Commercially and industrially the eastern countries were then in the vau: their ports gave access to the highway of commerce with the Dutch and the Low Countries, and it was indirectly due to this that they became the most thriving centres of the weaving and textile manufactures.

The flourishing state of the trade and the liberating of the wealthy clothiers led to the reconstruction on a larger scale of the greater number of the Parish Churches of this neighbourhood. Again, and again brasses or ledger-slabs bear the wool merchant’s mark, and Chantry-chapels or Church-extensions sprang from their benefactors.

Country towns vied with one another in enlarging and beautifying their shrines of worship, and it is interesting to see how each endeavoured to outdo its neighbour’s lead. Sudbury was not minded to lag behind in its provision for worship, of which there is evidence in the three fine Churches standing in the town, each of them rebuilt or added to at the end of the fifteenth century.

The Cloth Towns and Villages

Sudbury is the centre of this once flourishing manufacturing district: a district which included Lavenham, Lindsey, Kersey, Boxford and Hadleigh, on the Suffolk side, and Dedham, Colchester, Coggeshall, Braintree, Bocking, and Halstead, on the Essex side.

This district is throughout famous for its large Perpendicular Churches: the magnificent Church at Lavenham, six miles to the North of Sudbury, was practically rebuilt at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries by the wealthy Spring family, cloth manufacturers of that place. The carved oak screen of the Spring Chapel in Lavenham Church is one of the gems of Suffolk art.

The fine Church of Long Melford, three miles away, was there rebuilt by the generosity of the Clopton and Martin families, and the contemporary stained glass, much of which still remains, is noteworthy. Stoke Church, with its lofty tower and fine brasses, and Nayland, with its painting of Constable, were reconstructed or enlarged at this period.

In this district, too, are the towns of Bildeston and Hadleigh, which took their share in the production of woollen cloth; close by are the little villages of Lindsey and Kersey, famed for their association with the wool trade, which should alas be visited for their rural beauty.

“Lindsey Woolsey, Carsey cloth, with Sudbury Says and Colchester Bays”

were in use throughout the countryside.

Further down the river at Stratford St Mary the wealthy families of Smith, and Morse, Clothiers, have left their marks carved in stone or painted in glass, in the walls of the Church. At Dedham the Webbes and the Gurdons carried on a flourishing trade and contributed largely to the reconstruction of the Church.

Here too may be seen a late 15th century building of much interest, said to have been formerly the ‘Bay ad Say’ factory.

The Decline of Suffolk Broad Cloth

The beginning of the 16th century saw the Suffolk cloth trade at its height; slowly but gradually the demand for Suffolk Broad Cloth declined, and changing fashion led to the demand for “the New Draperies” made in London, Norwich and other places.

In Sudbury, cloth continued to be made up to and after the time of Thomas Gainsborough. His father, John Gainsborough, we are told, introduced the manufacture of “burying crepe” into this town. A zealous government having hoped to revive the woollen trade by decreeing that woollen cloth should be the Englishman’s Shroud.

Arthur Young, the great agricultural writer, when travelling in the district in 1767, visited Sudbury and reported that it was a great manufacturing town wherein a great many hands earned a living:

“by working up the wool from the sheep’s back to weaving it into says and burying crepe, which are their principal articles. The whole manufactory works chiefly for the London markets, but some says go down the river (which is navigable from here to Manningtree) for exportation”.

Gainsborough’s Formative Landscape

It was in this neighbourhood, richly endowed with beauty, and studded throughout with the picturesque manor-houses and the humbler timber cottages of those engaged in the clothing trade, that Thomas Gainsborough was brought up, and passed the most impressionable years of his life.

A talk given by CFD Sperling: to an unknown audience probably in the early 1930s. The paper was found in the Essex Society for Archaeology and History archives and now deposited at the Essex Record Office [S/LIB/9/8/2].

The de Vere Family and Hedingham

The name of de Vere is inseparably connected with the history of Hedingham Castle, for Aubrey de Vere, who came over with William the Conqueror, was rewarded for his service by a grant of manors in five different counties; amongst them, that of Hedingham.

It had long been a place of importance, the hill overlooking the ford on the river Colne where the men of the Hundred were accustomed to meet, which must have been a stronghold in Saxon times or even earlier.

The first Aubrey de Vere, who came here, probably found a conical stockaded mound that had, up to that time, served well enough as a place of defence. He would seem to have levelled the crown of this and to have extended its area so that it found in effect a raised plateau.

Probably he was content with a timber structure within a stockade and with his surrounding moat, he felt sufficiently secure.

The Building of the Great Keep

On the south slope of the hill, before the date of the Domesday survey, he had planted a vineyard of six acres and wild vines remained there until the 18th century.

His son, however, the second Aubrey, a trusted Minister of Henry I, not being satisfied with the timber structure, between the years 1130 and 1140, set up the great stone keep, which we still see, for except where parts have been torn out or broken down, the work remains in a surprising condition of perfection.

The surrounding buildings, the curtain wall, the gateway tower (which stood to the south of the keep), the great hall, the pantries, the Chapel and numerous lesser buildings which were grouped around the keep, are now represented only by a few foundations and grass grown mounds.

The Architecture of the Keep

The ground plan of the great keep is not an exact square, the outside dimensions above the great bottering plinth being 58 feet (north to south) by 52 feet (east to west). The walls are about 11 feet thick, and it stands 85 feet high (without the battlements).

It is built of stone from Barnack in Northants, but how the stone was brought here is a matter of conjecture.

This keep is among the finest and most complete examples of 12th Century Military Architecture in England. The condition of the tower is extraordinarily perfect. The walls and arched recesses still retain internally the original plastering.

Its severity of outline is noticeable. The only external ornament – with the exception of the great doorway which was obviously originally covered by a fore-building – is seen in the three upper tiers of the windows.

The basement was used partly as a kitchen and partly as a prison dungeon. There is a well in the southwest angle inside, and another well outside, north of the tower.

The first floor, into which the great doorway opens, was used as a guard room.

On the second floor is the Audience Chamber or Armoury with gallery around it in the thickness of the wall. The great feature of this (and indeed of the Castle) is the magnificent semi-circular arch which spans it from west to east.

The great span, 29 feet, and rise, 13½ feet, of the arch are the more marked because of the responds, or piers, being only 7 feet high. In fact, it is the creation of which any architect would be proud.

The fireplaces, both here and on the floor below, are noticeable as unusually fine 12th century hearths.

All the floors have small chambers for sleeping places in the thickness of the walls.

The third floor was probably used as a dormitory.

The Outer Bailey and Later Rebuilding

A bridge of brick, c.1500, comes to the castle mound with the outer bailey, where now stands the fine house built by Robert Ashurst in 1719.

All the foundations of the surrounding buildings which have been exposed show that they have been re-built late in the 15th Century, as Leland relates, after the Battle of Bosworth by the 13th Earl, who lived here in splendour, exercising a magnificent hospitality.

Queen Matilda and the Twelfth Century

In the time of Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford, on 3rd May 1152, it was recorded that Queen Matilda, wife of King Stephen, died at Hedingham Castle and was taken for burial at Faversham Abbey, Kent.

The Castle in the Thirteenth Century

The Castle is next heard of 1215 when it was captured from the rebellions Barons by King John, and, two years later, it held out against Louis, the Danfir, and was captured with difficulty.

Whether the castle was surrendered owing to treachery or famine it was not stated.

John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford

John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, was one of the chief supporters of the Lancastrian party in the War of the Roses and took a leading part in the Battle of Bosworth Field.

At the restoration of King Henry VI to the throne in 1470, he bore the King’s sword. He was afterwards held in great favour by King Henry VII who bestowed many honours upon him, for besides being Lord Great Chamberlain, he was created a Knight of the Garter, made Lord High Admiral and Constable of the Tower.

In 1491 he stood godfather to the King’s eldest son, afterward King Henry VIII.

A few years later, in 1498, he entertained the King (Henry VII) at the Castle of Hedingham, with great magnificence, from 6th to 11th August, and on leaving, the King passed down from the Castle to the Village between a double row of the Earl’s Retainers, each wearing a blue livery with the Earl’s badge.

These men far outnumbered the legal retinue of an Earl, viz 130 men, so when the King reached the end of the line, he paused and thanked the Earl for his entertainment but added:

‘I may not endure to have my laws broken in my sight. My Attorney must speak with you about it.’

This breach cost the Earl 15,000 Marks, a sum perhaps equal to £100,000 at the present day.

The amount of the fine seems incredible, but it rests on the authority of Francis Bacon, the historian of the reign of Henry VII, who relates the story as so reported in his day.

Elizabeth I and the Later de Veres

John de Vere, the 16th Earl, entertained Queen Elizabeth and her suite in the Castle August 14th to 19th 1561.

He died the following year and was buried in Castle Hedingham Church, in the same tomb as his father, 31st August 1562.

But his son and successor, Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl, does not appear to have lived long in the Castle, so that at the end of the sixteenth century, it was unoccupied and partly dismantled through his caprice and extravagance.

He sold off the greater part of the de Vere estate, and quarrelled with his father-in-law Lord Burghley, who at last purchased the Castle and settled it on his daughter’s issue.

This 17th Earl was a poet of merit, and we are now told, by some that he was the real author of the works of William Shakespeare.

The Dismantling of the Castle

It is accorded to Bakers’ Chronicle that the Castle buildings were further purposely ruined during the first Dutch War, in 1666, to prevent the use of them as a prison for the Dutch Sailors taken in the Sea engagements.

However, that may be, from the Survey of the Estate made in 1592, it is evident that the dismantling of the buildings had even then commenced.

Three towers that had stood around the keep are referred to as “now destroyed by Variant of the (17th) Earl,” and are noted on the plan as having “the lead, timber, iron and glass taken away.”

Surviving Remains

Some remains of the ornaments of the old Castle have survived.

The interesting carved stone badges of the 13th Earl, which were noted by Rev William Tillotson, in 1594, as being over a door in the Castle, may now be seen over the west window of the Church.

Whilst the carved stone panel representing the Battle of Bosworth, which was doubtless set up by the 13th Earl, one of the leaders of the Lancastrian forces, is to be found over the door to the Library of Stowe School, whither it was removed by the Duke of Buckingham.

The End of the de Vere Earldom

The continuance of this family in the male line, and its possession of the Earldom for more than five and a half centuries, has made its name a household word.

Its ownership of the Castle ceased in 1625, on the death of the 18th Earl without issue, but the title passed to a distant cousin, the 19th Earl, and on the death of his son (the 20th Earl) without a son in 1702, became extinct.

The Ashurst Family

After some vicissitudes, the Castle Estate was eventually purchased in 1713 by Robert Ashurst, a son of Sir William Ashurst, Lord Mayor of London in 1693, and passed by marriage in 1783 to the family of the present owners.

When Mr Ashurst purchased the Estate, the Keep was but an empty shell, but he soon took steps to put it in a state of repair with new roofs and floors, and as it remained until the unfortunate fire in September 1918.

The Fire of 1918

A wooden Observation Hut was built by the War Office on the top of the tower and this caught fire early in the morning of September 23rd.

The fire soon spread to the tower roof, and there burnt its way down from floor to floor until the whole tower was gutted.

The stonework, however, was in no way injured, and as no fire-engines were available until the fire had practically done its work, the masonry did not suffer, as in other cases, from the pouring of cold water on heated stonework, so that now the floors have been replaced and we can contemplate the architectural features of the great Keep with the same pleasure as before.

The de Vere Tombs

The Priories of Hatfield Broad Oak and Earls Colne were founded by Aubrey de Vere, and this Church of Earls Colne Priory was the burial place of many of the family, five of the recumbent effigies of the de Veres, removed from that Church, are now preserved in the little Chapel of St Stephen in the parish of Bures in Suffolk.

Two only of their tombs now remain in this county, viz: that of Robert de Vere, 3rd Earl, who died in 1221, in the Church of Hatfield Broad Oak, and, John de Vere, the 15th Earl and Elizabeth his wife, 1540, have an altar tomb in the Church at Castle Hedingham.

The Name of de Vere

In the words of Lord Justice Crewe, in the time of Charles I:

“Time hath his revolutions: there must be a period and an end to all temporal things, an end of names and dignities and whatsoever is terrene; and why not of de Vere? For where is Bohun? Where is Mowbray? Where is Mortimer? Nay what is more and more for all Where is Plantagenet? They are entombed in the urns and sepulchres of mortality. And yet let the name and dignity of de Vere stand so long as it pleaseth God.”

• 1825: Palmer’s railway plan for Essex.
• 1834: Grand Eastern Counties railway plan a route between London and Norwich via Ipswich.
• 1836 (4 July): Act of Parliament approved – on same day as route from London to Cambridge.
• 1837: Construction begins out of London.
• 1839: Route opened between Mile End and Romford.
• 1840: Route extended, now open between Shoreditch and Brentwood.
• 1841: Colchester became proposed new terminus owing to lack of capital.
• 1843: Route opened through to Colchester. Enabled transport of livestock to London: better quality and prices for farmers.
• 1844: Gauge width changed throughout from five feet to standard gauge, over two months.
• 1846: Route extended to Ipswich, achieved for people chaired by Cobbold family.
• 1846: Route extended to Bury St Edmunds.
• 1847: North Woolwich branch opened. Also extension to Hythe, Colchester. Maldon and Braintree branches opened improving agricultural trade in mid Essex. Maldon East station grandly constructed owing to General Election that year. Votes for David Waddington from railway navvies.
• 1849: Route extended to Stowmarket and Norwich.
• 1854: Route extended to Harwich.
• 1856: London, Tilbury Southend railway open a route to Southend and Tilbury (via Ilford) and Fenchurch Street station.
• 1862: Eastern Counties Railway amalgamated into Great Eastern Railway. Buildings constructed in a three modular design. For example, Blake Hall, North Weald and Ongar plus Epping with two waiting rooms.
• 1865: Railway extended from Loughton to Ongar.
• 1889: New Essex Lines opened between Shenfield and Southend, Wickford and Southminster.
• 1896: Light Railways Act enabled the creation of a line between Kelvedon and Tiptree (fruit growing and jam making district) to Tollesbury. Witham and Kelvedon become renowned for seed growing.
• Early 20th century: Metropolitan London lines.
• 1920s: Great Eastern Railway creates four tracks between Liverpool Street (London) and Shenfield. London, Tilbury, Southend railway creates four tracks between Fenchurch Street and Upminster.

A

Abberton | Abbess Roding | Abridge | Aldham | Alphamstone | Althorne | Ardleigh | Arkesden | Alresford | Ashdon | Asheldham | Ashen | Ashingdon | Aveley | Aythorpe Roding

B

Baddow | Bardfield Saling | Barling | Barnston | Basildon | Battlesbridge | Beauchamp Roding | Beazley End | Beaumont-cum-Moze | Belchamp Otton | Belchamp St. Paul | Belchamp Walter | Benfleet | Berden | Berechurch | Berners Roding | Bicknacre | Billericay | Birch | Birchanger | Birdbrook | Black Notley | Blackmore | Blackmore End | Bobbingworth | Bocking | Boreham | Borley | Bowers Gifford | Boxted | Bradfield | Bradwell Juxta Mare | Bradwell | Braintree | Brentwood | Brightlingsea | Broomfield | Broxted | Buckhurst Hill | Bulmer | Bulphan | Burnham-on-Crouch | Buttsbury

C

Canewdon | Canvey Island | Castle Hedingham | Chadwell St Mary | Chappel | Chatley (hamlet of Great Leighs) | Chelmsford | Chickney | Chignall Smealy | Chignall St. James | Chigwell | Chigwell Row | Childerditch | Chipping Ongar | Chrishall | Clavering | Clacton | Coggeshall | Colchester | Cold Norton | Colne Engaine | Copford | Corringham | Crays Hill | Creeksea | Cressing

D

Danbury | Debden | Dedham | Dengie | Doddinghurst | Dovercourt | Downham | Dunmow | Dunton Wayletts | Duddenhoe End

E

Earls Colne | East Donyland | East Hanningfield | East Horndon | East Tilbury | Easthorpe | East Mersea | Eastwood | Elmdon | Elmstead | Elsenham | Edney Green (or Common) | Epping | Epping Upland

F

Fairstead | Farnham | Faulkbourne | Feering | Felsted | Finchingfield | Fingringhoe | Fobbing | Fordham | Foulness | Foxearth | Frating | Frinton | Fryerning | Fullbridge | Fyfield

G

Galleywood | Gestingthorpe | Goldhanger | Good Easter | Gosfield | Grays Thurrock | Great Baddow | Great Bardfield | Great Bentley | Great Braxted | Great Bromley | Great Burstead | Great Canfield | Great Chesterford | Great Chishill | Great Clacton | Great Coggeshall | Great Dunmow | Great Easton | Great Hallingbury | Great Henny | Great Holland | Great Horkesley | Great Leighs | Great Maplestead | Great Oakley | Great Parndon | Great Saling | Great Sampford | Great Stambridge | Great Tey | Great Totham | Great Wakering | Great Waltham | Great Warley | Great Wigborough | Great Yeldham | Greensted (near Ongar) | Greenstead (near Colchester)

H

Hadleigh | Hadstock | Halstead | Harlow | Harwich | Hatfield Broad Oak | Hatfield Peverel | Havengore | Hawkwell | Hazeleigh | Helions Bumpstead | Hempstead | Henham | Herongate | Heybridge | Heydon | High Beech | High Easter | High Garrett | High Laver | High Ongar | High Roding | Highwood | Hockley | Holland on Sea | Horndon on the Hill | Hullbridge | Hutton

I

Ingatestone | Ingrave | Inworth

K

Kelvedon | Kelvedon Hatch | Kirby le Soken

L

Laindon | Laindon Hills | Lamarsh | Lambourne | Langenhoe | Langford | Langham | Langley | Latchingdon | Latton | Lawford | Layer Breton | Layer de la Haye | Layer Marney | Leaden Roding | Leigh | Lexden | Lindsell | Liston | Little Baddow | Little Bardfield | Little Bentley | Little Braxted | Little Bromley | Little Burstead | Little Canfield | Little Chesterford | Little Chishill | Little Clacton | Little Coggeshall | Little Dunmow | Little Easton | Little Hallingbury | Little Henny | Little Holland | Little Horkesley | Little Laver | Little Leighs | Little Maplestead | Little Oakley | Little Parndon | Little Sampford | Little Stambridge | Little Tey | Little Thurrock | Little Totham | Little Wakering | Little Waltham | Little Warley | Little Wigborough | Little Yeldham | Littlebury | Loughton

M

Magdalen Laver | Maldon | Manningtree | Manuden | Margaret Roding | Margaretting | Marks Tey | Marks Hall | Mashbury | Matching | Mayland | Messing | Middleton | Mistley | Moreton | Moulsham | Mount Bures | Mountnessing | Mucking | Mundon | Myland (or Mile End)

N

Navestock | Nazeing | Netteswell | Nevendon | Newport | North Benfleet | North Fambridge | North Ockendon | North Shoebury | North Stifford | North Weald Bassett | Norton Mandeville

O

Ongar | Orsett | Ovington

P

Paglesham | Panfield | Pattiswick | Pebmarsh | Peldon | Pentlow | Pitsea | Pleshey | Pontisbright | Potter Street | Purfleet | Prittlewell | Purleigh

Q

Quendon

R

Radwinter | Ramsden Bellhouse | Ramsden Crays | Ramsey | Rawreth | Rayleigh | Rayne | Rettendon | Rickling | Ridgewell | Rivenhall | Rochford | Roxwell | Roydon | Runwell | Rye Hill

S

Saffron Walden | Salcott | Sandon | Shalford | Sheering | Shelley | Shellow Bowells | Shenfield | Shoeburyness | Shopland | Sible Hedingham | Snoreham | South Benfleet | Southend-on-Sea | South Frambridge | South Hanningfield | South Ockendon | South Shoebury | South Weald | Southchurch | Southminster | Springfield | St Lawrence | St Osyth | Stambourne | Stanford-le-Hope | Stanford Rivers | Stansted Montfitchet | Stanway | Stapleford Abbotts | Stapleford Tawney | Stebbing | Steeple | Steeple Bumpstead | Sewardstone | Stifford | Stisted | Stock | Stondon Massey | Stow Maries | Strethall | Sturmer | Sutton

T

Takeley | Tendring | Terling | Thaxted | Thorpe le Soken | Thorrington | Theydon Bois | Theydon Garnon | Theydon Mount | Thundersley | Tilbury | Tilbury Juxta Clare | Tillingham | Tilty | Tiptree | Tollesbury | Tolleshunt Darcy | Tolleshunt Knights | Tolleshunt Major | Toppesfield | Twinstead

U

Ugley | Ulting | Upshire

V

Vange | Virley

W

Wakes Colne | Waltham Abbey | Walton-on-the-Naze | Warley | Weeley | Wendens Ambo | Wendon Lofts | Wethersfield | West Bergholt | West Hanningfield | West Horndon | West Mersea | West Thurrock | West Tilbury | White Colne | White Notley | White Roding | Wicken Bonhunt | Wickford | Wickham Bishops | Wickham St. Paul | Widdington | Widford | Willingale Doe | Willingale Spain | Wimbish | Witham | Wivenhoe | Wix | Woodham Ferrers | Woodham Mortimer | Woodham Walter | Wormingford | Wrabness | Writtle

Five years ago, a group of historians embarked on a project to identify those people who had invested in Britain’s Atlantic slave trade. The new website has just been launched - Register of British Slave Traders reveals English investors and their influence on the nation | King's College London.

It contains a comprehensive database of around 13,000 individuals between 1550-1807 who invested their money in the forced transportation of 3 million anonymous migrant Africans to the plantations in the Caribbean and into slavery. They were men women and children who were carried off from their homes to another continent.

This is an uncomfortable history of Britain’s past.

The Slave Trade and its Investors

Initially the slave-trade operated as a monopoly, the Royal African Company supported by, and invested in by King James II and William of Orange. Later interlopers created an unregulated slave-trade: merchants receiving sugar and tobacco rushed in, accelerated trafficking and profits for investors.

Anyone can log on to discover the names of the people who invested in Atlantic slave trade – the results run wider than the ports of Bristol, Liverpool etc.

BBC Series

A series of two programmes was broadcast by the BBC in September 2026 and is available on the I-Player:

• Finding Britain’s Slave Traders with David Olusoga - Series 1: Episode 1 - BBC iPlayer
• Finding Britain’s Slave Traders with David Olusoga - Series 1: Episode 2 - BBC iPlayer

Earlier Research by the High Country History Group

Anne Padfield wrote about ‘Local Links to the Slave Trade’ in Journal No. 91: Local Links with the Slave Trade – High Country History Group in which Capel Cure of Blake Hall, Bobbingworth came to light within the records of ‘The Slave Registers of former British Colonial Dependencies, 1813-1834’.

These records are found in The National Archives, series T71, which contains details of government compensation given to owners after slavery was abolished.

Anne was “relieved to find no Smijths of Hill Hall, no Abdys of Albyns, and no Budworths or Petres on the list”.

A search of ‘The Register of British Slave-Traders’ draws a blank on the Smijths, Abdys / Albyn and Butterworths, but reveals that a “William Petre of Covent Garden, London was an investor in the Royal African Company. William held shares in the Company between 1723 and 1726, valued at £3000 in 1723”.

Other than the investment nothing further is known about this man.

These individuals, in what we might now call the upper middle classes and landed gentry, were savvy enough to know a good investment.

Greensted

David “Robetier was the owner of Greenstead Hall in Essex. He held Royal African Company shares with a book value of £1,000 between December 1724 and January 1725”.

The name Robetier appears in White’s Directory, 1848, for Greensted.

Blackmore and Doddinghurst

One name appears associated with the parish of Blackmore (Fingrith Hall), but more so with Doddinghurst. A female:

“Jane Dawtrey [aliases Jane Dautry, Jane Daughtry] (d.1742) was an Essex-based investor in the Royal African Company (RAC) from 1720 until her death in 1746, during which time the Company conducted 142 crossings trafficking African women, men, and children into slavery. Her estate continued to maintain a holding in the RAC until its dissolution in 1752.

In addition to her investment in the RAC, she held annuities in the South Sea Company and managed sizable landholdings near her family’s seat in Brentwood, Essex. She never married.

She used her wealth to leave gifts to a wide network of kinspeople, as well as found a trust [of £20] for the providing food to the poor of Doddinghurst, Essex. The trust remained active until 2009”.

Jane Dawtrey died in Doddinghurst but was buried at Petworth, Sussex.

Theydon Bois

Checking other parish links in the locality:

“Benjamin Smart Esq (d.1761) was a lawyer and bencher of the Inner Temple and Middle Temple, London and a subscriber to the Royal African Company. Benjamin held a share in the Company valued at £500 in 1723.

At the time of his investment, Benjamin was of the Inner Temple. He held land in Theydon Bois in Essex and left a will upon his death in 1761, outlining the manner in which he wished to be buried.

He described the debts he had faced as a result of the South Sea Bubble of 1720 and the ‘much sickness and many disappointments’ it had caused. He left the majority of his estate to family but also made a charitable bequest to poor day labourers of the parish of Theydon Bois who had been recently sick upon his decease, or were to become sick”.

High Ongar

Anthony Wallinger (d.1728) was a “West India merchant of London (c. 1639-1728), co-owner of a slaving voyage from London by the Unity in 1700 about which nothing further is known. Wallinger was Lord of the Manor of High Ongar [Nash Hall] in 1714”.

The sources refer to the VCH volume for the Ongar Hundred.

Oh quaint old Essex town!  Your sheltered ways
Have fared so gently in this vale of tears;
That looking back with thought of other days,
One sees no change to mark the passing years.
I hear the same wind whisp’ring thro’ the trees,
Where Livingstone once wandered with his books:
I hear the same low murmur of the bees,
And recognise the cawing of the rooks.

Oh peaceful Essex town!  you’re very old;
The Romans built within your lines a camp;
Your stones have oft resounded, so I’m told,
With Caesar’s sturdy warriors’ martial tramp:
I hear their shouts re-echo in the breeze;
Ye Britons, read about them in your books;
The sounds of Roman axe and falling trees
Are heard above the cawing of the rooks.

Oh, quiet old Ongar town!  I’ve heard it said
When Cromwell and his Ironsides held their sway,
That many of your sons both fought and bled
To help the King they loved to win the day.
I heard the cry ‘For Cromwell and the Lord!’
Whilst students donned the helm and closed their books,
The sound of war’s alarms, the clash of pike and sword
Were heard above the cawing of the rooks.

Some day, I hope my ship will come to town,
And bring to me the fortune overdue;
I’ll buy a little cot and settle down,
And make my home, old Ongar town, with you.
I’ll rise each day to greet the early dawn,
And dawdle with my fishing and my books;
I’ll wander through the cornfields in the morn,
And listen to the cawing of the rooks.

A.L.M.
Loughton Gazette, April 1910.